Honey bees 🐝

How are seashells created? Or any other shell, such as a snail's or a turtle's?

Francis Horne, a biologist who studies shell formation at Texas State University, offers this answer.

The exoskeletons of snails and clams, or their shells in common parlance, differ from the endoskeletons of turtles in several ways. Seashells are the exoskeletons of mollusks such as snails, clams, oysters and many others. Such shells have three distinct layers and are composed mostly of calcium carbonate with only a small quantity of protein--no more than 2 percent. These shells, unlike typical animal structures, are not made up of cells. Mantle tissue that is located under and in contact with the shell secretes proteins and mineral extracellularly to form the shell. Think of laying down steel (protein) and pouring concrete (mineral) over it. Thus, seashells grow from the bottom up, or by adding material at the margins. Since their exoskeleton is not shed, molluscan shells must enlarge to accommodate body growth. This pattern of growth results in three distinct shell layers: an outer proteinaceous periosteum (uncalcified), a prismatic layer (calcified) and an inner pearly layer of nacre (calcified).
More information in www.scientificamerican.com

PCR: Polymerase chain reaction is a method widely used in molecular biology to make multiple copies of a specific DNA segment. Using PCR, a single copy of a DNA sequence is exponentially amplified to generate thousands to millions of more copies of the particular DNA segment.

Many foods naturally contain microorganisms that are necessary for production of the food or that may bring about health benefits. However, excessive growth of contaminating microorganisms in food can cause food spoilage or illnesses arising from food infection or food poisoning. Fruits and fruit juices are particularly susceptible to contamination by yeasts and molds.

Antiseptics and antibiotics are used to control bacteria through chemical methods. Antiseptics are bacteriostatic agents (not necessarily killing them) while Antibiotics can also have bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal properties. Some bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics as their natural product. These chemicals, on the other hand, could be synthetic versions of their natural equivalents. The filter paper disc method is a simple and effective way to compare antiseptics and antibiotics based on their ability to stop bacteria from growing.
The picture depicts the relative effectiveness of an antiseptic agent (Iodine) and one antibiotic (ampicillin) against two organisms: S. epidermidis and E. coli. (Distilled water had been used as control).
The millimetre scale clearly shows the zone of inhibition from the edge of the disk to the edge of the growth.

Exciting News!

Our YouTube channel is now officially live! 🚀
This is where you’ll find some great contents to feed your curiosity.

Even better? We’re on both YouTube and Telegram now, so you can share your ideas, our team will cover them! Let’s make this a place where we explore what YOU want to see. Let’s stay connected and keep the awesome content coming!

Check it out, hit subscribe and the bell icon to stay updated with the latest videos. Your feedback is always welcome, and we’d love to see you there!

🔗 https://youtube.com/@bio-sc?si=Jnf4TPzW4ODREtyr

Join our community and never miss an adventure!
Subscribe Biology Channel for a dive into the weird and wonderful!
Your next favorite topic is just a click away!
https://youtu.be/LOzS4h2HZpA?si=26yaeNkYednX4P8V

Breast Cancer Awareness Month!
It is crucial in promoting early detection and saving lives. Join us as we delve into eye-opening statistics on breast cancer diagnoses and the remarkable improvements in survival rates, thanks to advancements in medical research.
Discover how you can make a difference through community involvement and spreading awareness. Together, we can support those affected and drive change.
Don't miss out on this– like and share to spread awareness!

https://youtu.be/9BnKMPwJbrY?si=YFbdlSquMIWcl_F0

Get an up-close look at mold and its surprising effects! Learn about common types, the health risks they pose, and how to keep your home mold-free.

Subscribe to our YouTube channel for more insights, and don’t forget to share your thoughts with us! We’d love to hear your ideas and experiences—join the conversation!

https://youtu.be/qwWyhcEARjE?si=1y-yeYigNdESY4wV

Uncover the groundbreaking world of CRISPR-Cas9 in this detailed video! 🌟 Learn how this revolutionary gene-editing tool works, likened to a molecular scalpel, and explore its profound potential benefits and ethical considerations. Discover how CRISPR, a bacterial defense system against viral invaders, captures and integrates snippets of viral DNA, creating a genetic memory that opens new horizons in genetic engineering and biotechnology. Understand the key breakthrough of Cas9 protein, acting like molecular scissors, and its reprogramming through guide RNA for precise genetic modifications. Join us on this exciting journey to see how CRISPR-Cas9 is shaping the future of genetic engineering!

https://youtu.be/vGkkRLa-WU8?si=HIXzEkYFCWtxUj3y


If you enjoyed the video,
Please subscribe to our YouTube channel for more insights, and don’t forget to share your thoughts with us.