🔆 Forty-Second Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976
📍 Key Additions:
✅ Preamble: Added "socialist," "secular," and "integrity" to define India's core values.
✅ Directive Principles (Articles 39A, 43A, 48A): Introduced:
🟢 Equal justice and free legal aid.
🏭 Participation of workers in industrial management.
🌳 Protection of environment, forests, and wildlife ✅ Fundamental Duties (Article 51A): Introduced Part IV-A, listing ten Fundamental Duties for citizens. ✅ Administrative Tribunals (Part XIV-A): Added Article 323A (administrative tribunals) and Article 323B (tribunals for other matters). ✅ Article 368 (Clauses 4 & 5): Made constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny.
📍 Key Changes:
✅ Directive Principles Supremacy: Amended Article 31C to give Directive Principles precedence over Fundamental Rights in certain cases.
✅ Judicial Powers Curtailed: Restricted judicial review by Supreme Court and High Courts.
✅ Executive Powers Enhanced: Made the President bound by the Cabinet's advice.
✅ Tenure of Legislatures: Extended the term of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies from 5 to 6 years.
✅ President’s Rule: Increased its duration from 6 months to 1 year.
✅ Parliamentary Procedure: Removed the requirement of quorum for parliamentary and state legislative sessions.
✅ Lok Sabha Seats Frozen: Froze representation based on the 1971 census until 2001.
✅ Seventh Schedule: Moved five subjects (education, forests, protection of wildlife, weights and measures, and administration of justice) from the State List to the Concurrent List.
📍 Significance:
✅ Strengthened the Directive Principles to emphasize socio-economic reforms.
✅ Introduced Fundamental Duties to promote civic responsibility among citizens.
✅ Enhanced centralization of powers but raised concerns about weakening the federal structure.
The Forty-Second Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, often referred to as the "Mini-Constitution", brought sweeping changes to India’s governance framework, reflecting the authoritarian tendencies of the Emergency period while emphasizing the goals of a socialist and secular state.
#polity #prelims
JOIN @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
📍 Key Additions:
✅ Preamble: Added "socialist," "secular," and "integrity" to define India's core values.
✅ Directive Principles (Articles 39A, 43A, 48A): Introduced:
🟢 Equal justice and free legal aid.
🏭 Participation of workers in industrial management.
🌳 Protection of environment, forests, and wildlife ✅ Fundamental Duties (Article 51A): Introduced Part IV-A, listing ten Fundamental Duties for citizens. ✅ Administrative Tribunals (Part XIV-A): Added Article 323A (administrative tribunals) and Article 323B (tribunals for other matters). ✅ Article 368 (Clauses 4 & 5): Made constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny.
📍 Key Changes:
✅ Directive Principles Supremacy: Amended Article 31C to give Directive Principles precedence over Fundamental Rights in certain cases.
✅ Judicial Powers Curtailed: Restricted judicial review by Supreme Court and High Courts.
✅ Executive Powers Enhanced: Made the President bound by the Cabinet's advice.
✅ Tenure of Legislatures: Extended the term of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies from 5 to 6 years.
✅ President’s Rule: Increased its duration from 6 months to 1 year.
✅ Parliamentary Procedure: Removed the requirement of quorum for parliamentary and state legislative sessions.
✅ Lok Sabha Seats Frozen: Froze representation based on the 1971 census until 2001.
✅ Seventh Schedule: Moved five subjects (education, forests, protection of wildlife, weights and measures, and administration of justice) from the State List to the Concurrent List.
📍 Significance:
✅ Strengthened the Directive Principles to emphasize socio-economic reforms.
✅ Introduced Fundamental Duties to promote civic responsibility among citizens.
✅ Enhanced centralization of powers but raised concerns about weakening the federal structure.
The Forty-Second Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, often referred to as the "Mini-Constitution", brought sweeping changes to India’s governance framework, reflecting the authoritarian tendencies of the Emergency period while emphasizing the goals of a socialist and secular state.
#polity #prelims
JOIN @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
WP_14695_2024_Order_14-02-2025_digi.pdf
73.8 KB
age relaxation in EWS category
Day 45: 15 february target:
Environment:
Topics -
Revision of whole environment
PYQs
Backlogs
Current Affairs: December 2024
Environment
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Environment:
Topics -
Revision of whole environment
PYQs
Backlogs
Current Affairs: December 2024
Environment
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
#Goodmorning
⏳ 99 days only left CSP25[ 25-05-25]
⏳188 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ Tomorrow Mppsc prelims 2025 16 Feb
⏳ 8 DAY JKPSC 23 feb
⏳ 50 day left GPSC prelims 6 April
⏳ 57 DAYS CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳ 60 day left BPSC mains 16 April
⏳114 days left ESE Prelims
⏳134 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳239 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳ 99 days only left CSP25[ 25-05-25]
⏳188 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ Tomorrow Mppsc prelims 2025 16 Feb
⏳ 8 DAY JKPSC 23 feb
⏳ 50 day left GPSC prelims 6 April
⏳ 57 DAYS CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳ 60 day left BPSC mains 16 April
⏳114 days left ESE Prelims
⏳134 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳239 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
doc2025214502301.pdf
380.1 KB
Kashi Tamil Sangamam (KTS) 3.0 is scheduled to be held from February 15 to 24, 2025, in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
✅The main theme in this year’s event is highlighting the significant contributions of Sage Agasthyar to the Siddha System of Medicine (Bharatiya Chikitsa), Classical Tamil Literature, and also his contributions in the cultural unity of the Nation
✅The main theme in this year’s event is highlighting the significant contributions of Sage Agasthyar to the Siddha System of Medicine (Bharatiya Chikitsa), Classical Tamil Literature, and also his contributions in the cultural unity of the Nation
doc2025214502101.pdf
423.6 KB
🔆Conserving the Immortal Marks of Archaeological Sites
🔸 Established in 1861, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is responsible for protecting and maintaining 3,698 monuments and archaeological sites that are considered of national importance
✅ Over the years, the revenue allocated for the preservation of monuments under the ASI has increased by 70%
✅ India’s cultural heritage sites are monitored regularly and in order to reduce the impact of climatic change
🔸 Established in 1861, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is responsible for protecting and maintaining 3,698 monuments and archaeological sites that are considered of national importance
✅ Over the years, the revenue allocated for the preservation of monuments under the ASI has increased by 70%
✅ India’s cultural heritage sites are monitored regularly and in order to reduce the impact of climatic change
🔆Intergovernmental panel on climate change. (IPCC)
✅ This is an intergovernmental body under the UN
✅ It is a scientific body
✅Formed in 1988 by WMO (World Meteorological Organisation) and UNEP
✅ It produces report based on scientific developments across the world.
✅The IPCC does not carry out its own original research, nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself. The IPCC bases its assessment on the
published literature
✅ IPCC has so far produced five assessment reports and some parts of 6th report is
published.
✅It was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 2007
✅ IPCC functions under UNFCC.
The aims of the IPCC are to assess scientific information relevant to :
1. Human-induced climate change,
2. The impacts of human-induced climate change,
3. Options for adaptation and mitigation.
#PYQanalysis
Join @CSE_EXAM
@PRELIMS_TRICKS
✅ This is an intergovernmental body under the UN
✅ It is a scientific body
✅Formed in 1988 by WMO (World Meteorological Organisation) and UNEP
✅ It produces report based on scientific developments across the world.
✅The IPCC does not carry out its own original research, nor does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena itself. The IPCC bases its assessment on the
published literature
✅ IPCC has so far produced five assessment reports and some parts of 6th report is
published.
✅It was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 2007
✅ IPCC functions under UNFCC.
The aims of the IPCC are to assess scientific information relevant to :
1. Human-induced climate change,
2. The impacts of human-induced climate change,
3. Options for adaptation and mitigation.
#PYQanalysis
Join @CSE_EXAM
@PRELIMS_TRICKS
🔆 Project Shaurya Gatha: Preserving India's Military Heritage
✅Context : Launched by Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan, the Project Shaurya Gatha aims to conserve and promote India’s military heritage through education and tourism.
📌 About the Project
✅ Initiative by: Department of Military Affairs in collaboration with the United Service Institution (USI) of India.
✅ Aim: To preserve and promote India’s military legacy through awareness and tourism.
📌 Indian Military Heritage Festival (IMHF)
✅ Formation: First organized in 2023 at the Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi.
✅ Objective: Enhance public understanding of India’s military history, heritage, and strategic priorities.
✅ Organizers: Conducted by USI of India through its Centre for Military History and Conflict Studies (CMHCS).
#Security #mains
#gs3
Join @CSE_EXAM
@internal_security_upsc_MAINS
✅Context : Launched by Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan, the Project Shaurya Gatha aims to conserve and promote India’s military heritage through education and tourism.
📌 About the Project
✅ Initiative by: Department of Military Affairs in collaboration with the United Service Institution (USI) of India.
✅ Aim: To preserve and promote India’s military legacy through awareness and tourism.
📌 Indian Military Heritage Festival (IMHF)
✅ Formation: First organized in 2023 at the Manekshaw Centre, New Delhi.
✅ Objective: Enhance public understanding of India’s military history, heritage, and strategic priorities.
✅ Organizers: Conducted by USI of India through its Centre for Military History and Conflict Studies (CMHCS).
#Security #mains
#gs3
Join @CSE_EXAM
@internal_security_upsc_MAINS
Day 46: 16 february target:
Environment:
Topics -
Sectional test
Backlogs
Current Affairs: January 2025
Environment
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Environment:
Topics -
Sectional test
Backlogs
Current Affairs: January 2025
Environment
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Please open Telegram to view this post
VIEW IN TELEGRAM
China’s Mega-Dam Project
✅Capacity: 60 GW (14th Five-Year Plan, for 2021–2025); Three times the capacity of China’s current Three Gorges Dam;
✅ China aims to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
🔸 Cost: About $137 Bn.
🔸 Location: At the Great Bend, where the Brahmaputra river takes a U-turn, in the Medog county of the Tibetan Autonomous Region.
✅ China has previously constructed significant dams like the Three Gorges Dam (Yangtze) and Zangmu Dam (Yarlung Zangbo).
📍Yarlung Tsangpo (Zangbo) River
✅ It originates in Tibet, and enters Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Siang.
✅ In Assam, it is joined by tributaries such as Dibang and Lohit, and is called the Brahmaputra.
✅ The river then enters Bangladesh, and makes its way to the Bay of Bengal.
🔸 The main river does not flow through Bhutan, but 96% of the country’s area is within the basin.
#River_Series
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅Capacity: 60 GW (14th Five-Year Plan, for 2021–2025); Three times the capacity of China’s current Three Gorges Dam;
✅ China aims to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
🔸 Cost: About $137 Bn.
🔸 Location: At the Great Bend, where the Brahmaputra river takes a U-turn, in the Medog county of the Tibetan Autonomous Region.
✅ China has previously constructed significant dams like the Three Gorges Dam (Yangtze) and Zangmu Dam (Yarlung Zangbo).
📍Yarlung Tsangpo (Zangbo) River
✅ It originates in Tibet, and enters Arunachal Pradesh, where it is known as the Siang.
✅ In Assam, it is joined by tributaries such as Dibang and Lohit, and is called the Brahmaputra.
✅ The river then enters Bangladesh, and makes its way to the Bay of Bengal.
🔸 The main river does not flow through Bhutan, but 96% of the country’s area is within the basin.
#River_Series
#Places_in_news
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆Key Themes of Paris AI Action Summit 2025:
✅Public Interest AI: Developing open AI infrastructure for social, economic, and environmental benefits.
✅Future of Work: Ensuring AI’s responsible use through sustained social dialogue.
✅Innovation & Culture: Creating sustainable AI ecosystems, especially for creative industries.
✅Trust in AI: Establishing scientific consensus on AI safety and security.
✅Global AI Governance: Shaping an inclusive and effective international AI governance framework
✅Public Interest AI: Developing open AI infrastructure for social, economic, and environmental benefits.
✅Future of Work: Ensuring AI’s responsible use through sustained social dialogue.
✅Innovation & Culture: Creating sustainable AI ecosystems, especially for creative industries.
✅Trust in AI: Establishing scientific consensus on AI safety and security.
✅Global AI Governance: Shaping an inclusive and effective international AI governance framework
🔆State of India’s Fisheries Sector
✅India is the 3rd largest fish producer and 2nd largest aquaculture nation in the world after China.
✅India ranks 4th globally in fish exports, contributing 7.7% to global fish production.
✅Top fish-producing states: Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka.
✅Inland fisheries account for over 75% of total output.
📍Government's Initiatives:
✅Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana
✅Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF)
✅Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
✅Marine Products Export Development Authority
✅India is the 3rd largest fish producer and 2nd largest aquaculture nation in the world after China.
✅India ranks 4th globally in fish exports, contributing 7.7% to global fish production.
✅Top fish-producing states: Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka.
✅Inland fisheries account for over 75% of total output.
📍Government's Initiatives:
✅Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana
✅Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF)
✅Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
✅Marine Products Export Development Authority
🔆 Forty-Fourth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978
📍 Key Additions:
✅ Article 300A: Removed the Right to Property from Fundamental Rights and made it a legal right under this article.
📍 Key Changes:
✅ Article 74 (Clause 1): Made it mandatory for the President to act based on the written advice of the Cabinet, particularly in relation to Emergency declarations.
✅ Article 352: Restricted the grounds for declaring a national emergency to armed rebellion (replacing "internal disturbance").
✅ Article 356 (Clause 5): Limited the period of President’s Rule in states to 6 months, extendable up to a maximum of 1 year, subject to special majority approval.
✅ Article 359 (Clause 1): Restored judicial protection of Fundamental Rights under Articles 20 and 21, even during an Emergency.
✅ Article 31C: Partially restored its pre-42nd Amendment form, reintroducing judicial review for laws implementing Directive Principles.
✅ Restored the tenure of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies to 5 years (from 6 years under the 42nd Amendment).
📍 Removals:
✅ Article 19 (Clause 1)(f): Omitted the Right to Property as a Fundamental Right.
✅ Article 31: Omitted provisions protecting compensation for property acquisition.
📍 Significance:
✅ Ensured judicial safeguards during Emergency by protecting Fundamental Rights under Articles 20 and 21.
✅ Strengthened the federal structure by limiting the duration of President’s Rule in states.
✅ Reaffirmed democratic principles by restoring the tenure of legislatures to 5 years.
✅ Reduced the scope of executive overreach by mandating written Cabinet advice for key Presidential actions.
The Forty-Fourth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978, was a corrective measure post-Emergency, aimed at restoring constitutional balance, safeguarding citizens' rights, and reinforcing democratic accountability.
#polity #prelims
JOIN @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
📍 Key Additions:
✅ Article 300A: Removed the Right to Property from Fundamental Rights and made it a legal right under this article.
📍 Key Changes:
✅ Article 74 (Clause 1): Made it mandatory for the President to act based on the written advice of the Cabinet, particularly in relation to Emergency declarations.
✅ Article 352: Restricted the grounds for declaring a national emergency to armed rebellion (replacing "internal disturbance").
✅ Article 356 (Clause 5): Limited the period of President’s Rule in states to 6 months, extendable up to a maximum of 1 year, subject to special majority approval.
✅ Article 359 (Clause 1): Restored judicial protection of Fundamental Rights under Articles 20 and 21, even during an Emergency.
✅ Article 31C: Partially restored its pre-42nd Amendment form, reintroducing judicial review for laws implementing Directive Principles.
✅ Restored the tenure of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies to 5 years (from 6 years under the 42nd Amendment).
📍 Removals:
✅ Article 19 (Clause 1)(f): Omitted the Right to Property as a Fundamental Right.
✅ Article 31: Omitted provisions protecting compensation for property acquisition.
📍 Significance:
✅ Ensured judicial safeguards during Emergency by protecting Fundamental Rights under Articles 20 and 21.
✅ Strengthened the federal structure by limiting the duration of President’s Rule in states.
✅ Reaffirmed democratic principles by restoring the tenure of legislatures to 5 years.
✅ Reduced the scope of executive overreach by mandating written Cabinet advice for key Presidential actions.
The Forty-Fourth Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978, was a corrective measure post-Emergency, aimed at restoring constitutional balance, safeguarding citizens' rights, and reinforcing democratic accountability.
#polity #prelims
JOIN @CSE_EXAM
@upsc_polity_Governance
Day 47: 17 february target:
Science and Technology
Topics:
Space technology
Bio-technology
Defence
Health
Current Affairs: june, july 2024
Related
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
Science and Technology
Topics:
Space technology
Bio-technology
Defence
Health
Current Affairs: june, july 2024
Related
#UpscRevisionProgram
After completion of target post 'DONE'
In comment section. Targets are decided as per practical approach. In remaining time, you can study whatever you want.
Thank you.
@upsc_answer_written
@CSE_EXAM
#Goodmorning
⏳ 97 days only left CSP25[ 25-05-25]
⏳186 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ 6 DAY JKPSC 23 feb
⏳ 48 day left GPSC prelims 6 April
⏳ 55 DAYS CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳ 58 day left BPSC mains 16 April
⏳112 days left ESE Prelims
⏳132 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳237 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
⏳ 97 days only left CSP25[ 25-05-25]
⏳186 days left CSM25 [ 22-08-25]
⏳ 6 DAY JKPSC 23 feb
⏳ 48 day left GPSC prelims 6 April
⏳ 55 DAYS CDS 1 , 13 APRIL
⏳ 58 day left BPSC mains 16 April
⏳112 days left ESE Prelims
⏳132 days left UPPSC mains 29 June
⏳237 days left UPPSC prelims 12 Oct
#Target
#TargetOnlyone
#Accountability
🔆 Clean Plant Programme (CPP)
📍 Context
✅ The Union Cabinet launched the Clean Plant Programme (CPP) under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) with a budget of ₹1,766 crore.
📍 About Clean Plant Programme (CPP)
✅ Objective: Enhance horticulture quality by ensuring high-quality, virus-free planting material.
✅ Under MIDH: Supports farmers & horticulture sector by increasing crop yield, health, and quality.
✅ Implementation: Led by National Horticulture Board (NHB) in collaboration with ICAR.
✅ Core Components:
Clean Plant Centers (CPCs): Establish 9 state-of-the-art CPCs in Pune, Srinagar, Bengaluru, etc.
Certification & Legal Framework: Quality control under Seeds Act, 1966.
Infrastructure Support: Large nurseries to propagate virus-free planting material.
📍 About MIDH (Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture)
✅ Launch: 2014-15, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
✅ Objective: Holistic growth of fruits, vegetables, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, and cocoa.
✅ Key Components:
National Horticulture Mission (NHM): Launched in 2005 for horticulture development.
Horticulture Mission for Northeast & Himalayan States (HMNEH): Special focus on NE & Himalayan regions.
National Bamboo Mission (NBM): Supports bamboo cultivation.
Coconut Development Board (CDB): Promotes the coconut sector, HQ in Kochi, Kerala.
Central Institute of Horticulture (CIH): Provides training in Nagaland, primarily for NE farmers.
📍 Additional Info
✅ NHB: Established in 1984, HQ in Gurugram.
✅ Father of Indian Horticulture: M.H. Marigowda.
#Government_Schemes
📍 Context
✅ The Union Cabinet launched the Clean Plant Programme (CPP) under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) with a budget of ₹1,766 crore.
📍 About Clean Plant Programme (CPP)
✅ Objective: Enhance horticulture quality by ensuring high-quality, virus-free planting material.
✅ Under MIDH: Supports farmers & horticulture sector by increasing crop yield, health, and quality.
✅ Implementation: Led by National Horticulture Board (NHB) in collaboration with ICAR.
✅ Core Components:
Clean Plant Centers (CPCs): Establish 9 state-of-the-art CPCs in Pune, Srinagar, Bengaluru, etc.
Certification & Legal Framework: Quality control under Seeds Act, 1966.
Infrastructure Support: Large nurseries to propagate virus-free planting material.
📍 About MIDH (Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture)
✅ Launch: 2014-15, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
✅ Objective: Holistic growth of fruits, vegetables, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, and cocoa.
✅ Key Components:
National Horticulture Mission (NHM): Launched in 2005 for horticulture development.
Horticulture Mission for Northeast & Himalayan States (HMNEH): Special focus on NE & Himalayan regions.
National Bamboo Mission (NBM): Supports bamboo cultivation.
Coconut Development Board (CDB): Promotes the coconut sector, HQ in Kochi, Kerala.
Central Institute of Horticulture (CIH): Provides training in Nagaland, primarily for NE farmers.
📍 Additional Info
✅ NHB: Established in 1984, HQ in Gurugram.
✅ Father of Indian Horticulture: M.H. Marigowda.
#Government_Schemes
Provisional_Answer_Key_State_Service_Preliminary_Exam_2025_Dated.pdf
88.9 KB
MPPSC Provisional Answer Key