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🔆 NCMC Reviews Cyclone Preparedness in Bay of Bengal
✅ Cabinet Secretary Dr. T.V. Somanathan chaired an NCMC meeting to review readiness for an impending cyclone over Bay of Bengal.
✅ IMD: Storm likely to intensify into a severe cyclone (90–110 kmph) by 28 Oct, crossing Andhra–Odisha coast.
✅ States (TN, AP, Odisha, Puducherry) on high alert with NDRF & SDRF teams deployed.
✅ Coast Guard has guided 900+ fishing boats to safety.
✅ Focus: Zero casualties, minimal infrastructure loss, and rapid restoration of essential services.
💬 Mains Q:
Evaluate the role of NCMC in ensuring disaster preparedness and coordination during cyclones.
#DisasterManagement
✅ Cabinet Secretary Dr. T.V. Somanathan chaired an NCMC meeting to review readiness for an impending cyclone over Bay of Bengal.
✅ IMD: Storm likely to intensify into a severe cyclone (90–110 kmph) by 28 Oct, crossing Andhra–Odisha coast.
✅ States (TN, AP, Odisha, Puducherry) on high alert with NDRF & SDRF teams deployed.
✅ Coast Guard has guided 900+ fishing boats to safety.
✅ Focus: Zero casualties, minimal infrastructure loss, and rapid restoration of essential services.
💬 Mains Q:
Evaluate the role of NCMC in ensuring disaster preparedness and coordination during cyclones.
#DisasterManagement
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🔆 Cyclone Montha: Impact and Intensification
📍 Overview:
✅ Cyclone Montha is a tropical cyclone formed over the Bay of Bengal from a low-pressure system.
✅ Named by Thailand, “Montha” means “fragrant flower” in Thai.
📍 Impact Areas:
✅ Affected Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and coastal Telangana with widespread rainfall and gusty winds.
✅ High risks of flooding, strong winds, and damage to homes and crops.
📍 Intensification:
✅ The system intensified into a deep depression by 26 October and became a cyclonic storm.
✅ Favourable conditions: Warm sea temperatures (>28°C), low wind shear, and ample moisture support intensification.
📍 Future Outlook:
✅ IMD forecasts the storm may become a Severe Cyclonic Storm before landfall.
💬 Mains Q:
Discuss the preparedness measures required to mitigate the effects of cyclones like Montha on coastal states.
#Geography
📍 Overview:
✅ Cyclone Montha is a tropical cyclone formed over the Bay of Bengal from a low-pressure system.
✅ Named by Thailand, “Montha” means “fragrant flower” in Thai.
📍 Impact Areas:
✅ Affected Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and coastal Telangana with widespread rainfall and gusty winds.
✅ High risks of flooding, strong winds, and damage to homes and crops.
📍 Intensification:
✅ The system intensified into a deep depression by 26 October and became a cyclonic storm.
✅ Favourable conditions: Warm sea temperatures (>28°C), low wind shear, and ample moisture support intensification.
📍 Future Outlook:
✅ IMD forecasts the storm may become a Severe Cyclonic Storm before landfall.
💬 Mains Q:
Discuss the preparedness measures required to mitigate the effects of cyclones like Montha on coastal states.
#Geography
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🔆 India’s Position in Rare Earth Elements (REEs)
📍 REE Potential
✅ India holds around 6% of the world’s rare earth reserves, indicating significant untapped resources.
📍 Import Dependency
✅ In FY 2023–24, India imported 2,270 tonnes of REEs, showing a moderate dependence on external sources.
📍 Light REE Capabilities
✅ India can extract light REEs from monazite-rich beach sands, particularly along the coasts of Kerala.
📍 Heavy REE Refining Deficit
✅ India lacks the technological and industrial infrastructure to refine heavy REEs, which creates a strategic vulnerability in the critical minerals supply chain.
🔆 China’s Position in the REE Market
📍 Market Monopoly
✅ China holds a monopoly in the global REE market.
✅ It accounted for more than 2/3rd of mined REEs last year.
✅ China produces nearly 90% of global refined REE output.
📍 Rare-Earth Magnets Supply
✅ China also dominates the supply of rare-earth magnets.
📍 Recent Trade Curbs
✅ China’s recent export curbs on 12 rare-earth elements have reignited trade tensions globally.
#Geography
https://www.tgoop.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
📍 REE Potential
✅ India holds around 6% of the world’s rare earth reserves, indicating significant untapped resources.
📍 Import Dependency
✅ In FY 2023–24, India imported 2,270 tonnes of REEs, showing a moderate dependence on external sources.
📍 Light REE Capabilities
✅ India can extract light REEs from monazite-rich beach sands, particularly along the coasts of Kerala.
📍 Heavy REE Refining Deficit
✅ India lacks the technological and industrial infrastructure to refine heavy REEs, which creates a strategic vulnerability in the critical minerals supply chain.
🔆 China’s Position in the REE Market
📍 Market Monopoly
✅ China holds a monopoly in the global REE market.
✅ It accounted for more than 2/3rd of mined REEs last year.
✅ China produces nearly 90% of global refined REE output.
📍 Rare-Earth Magnets Supply
✅ China also dominates the supply of rare-earth magnets.
📍 Recent Trade Curbs
✅ China’s recent export curbs on 12 rare-earth elements have reignited trade tensions globally.
#Geography
https://www.tgoop.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
❤2
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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🔆 Mains Question
Q. “Climate justice has a fair price tag of trillions, not billions.” Discuss the importance of robust climate finance in addressing the climate crisis and how it impacts the Global South’s trust in COP negotiations.
📍 Key Issues:
✅ Climate Justice must be built on fair financing for vulnerable regions, not just a symbolic commitment.
✅ Poor Quality & Quantity of Finance: Global South’s trust in climate negotiations is waning due to lack of adequate funding.
✅ COP30 in Brazil: The potential for global collaboration exists, but real support is still lacking, hindering long-term progress.
✅ Green Climate Fund: Though aimed at bridging the finance gap, it falls short of delivering the promised funds, impeding effective climate action.
📍 India’s Role:
✅ India calls for stronger global financial commitments, urging for trillions in climate finance, rather than billions.
✅ Promoted global partnerships like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure.
#environment
Q. “Climate justice has a fair price tag of trillions, not billions.” Discuss the importance of robust climate finance in addressing the climate crisis and how it impacts the Global South’s trust in COP negotiations.
📍 Key Issues:
✅ Climate Justice must be built on fair financing for vulnerable regions, not just a symbolic commitment.
✅ Poor Quality & Quantity of Finance: Global South’s trust in climate negotiations is waning due to lack of adequate funding.
✅ COP30 in Brazil: The potential for global collaboration exists, but real support is still lacking, hindering long-term progress.
✅ Green Climate Fund: Though aimed at bridging the finance gap, it falls short of delivering the promised funds, impeding effective climate action.
📍 India’s Role:
✅ India calls for stronger global financial commitments, urging for trillions in climate finance, rather than billions.
✅ Promoted global partnerships like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure.
#environment
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🔆 Miscellaneous Geography Facts
📘 Physical Features & Locations:
✅ Mt. Etna – Only active volcano in Europe
✅ Atacama Desert – Located in South America
✅ Amazon Rainforest – South America
✅ Tasmania – Part of Australia
✅ Tanzania – Country in Africa
✅ Cape Agulhas – Southernmost tip of Africa
✅ Lowest point on Earth: Dead Sea
✅ Lowest road: Highway 90 (Israel–Jordan region)
📘 Continental & Regional Divisions:
✅ Divisions of Asia:
• South Asia (SAARC – includes India)
• Southeast Asia (ASEAN)
• Central Asia
• West Asia
• East Asia
✅ Laurasia: Asia, Europe, Greenland, North America
✅ Gondwanaland: India, Australia, Africa, Madagascar, South America
📘 Organizations & Treaties:
✅ UN Membership: 193 nations
• Africa – 54 • Asia – 47 • Europe – 43
• North America – 23 • Australia – 14 • South America – 12
✅ Non-UN members: Taiwan, Palestine *, Vatican City, Kosovo
✅ European Union: 27 nations
✅ Euro Currency: 17 nations
✅ Antarctic Treaty: 1959
📘 Rivers & Explorers:
✅ Marañón + Ucayali → Amazon River
✅ Marco Polo (1271 AD) – Venetian traveler
#Geography
📘 Physical Features & Locations:
✅ Mt. Etna – Only active volcano in Europe
✅ Atacama Desert – Located in South America
✅ Amazon Rainforest – South America
✅ Tasmania – Part of Australia
✅ Tanzania – Country in Africa
✅ Cape Agulhas – Southernmost tip of Africa
✅ Lowest point on Earth: Dead Sea
✅ Lowest road: Highway 90 (Israel–Jordan region)
📘 Continental & Regional Divisions:
✅ Divisions of Asia:
• South Asia (SAARC – includes India)
• Southeast Asia (ASEAN)
• Central Asia
• West Asia
• East Asia
✅ Laurasia: Asia, Europe, Greenland, North America
✅ Gondwanaland: India, Australia, Africa, Madagascar, South America
📘 Organizations & Treaties:
✅ UN Membership: 193 nations
• Africa – 54 • Asia – 47 • Europe – 43
• North America – 23 • Australia – 14 • South America – 12
✅ Non-UN members: Taiwan, Palestine *, Vatican City, Kosovo
✅ European Union: 27 nations
✅ Euro Currency: 17 nations
✅ Antarctic Treaty: 1959
📘 Rivers & Explorers:
✅ Marañón + Ucayali → Amazon River
✅ Marco Polo (1271 AD) – Venetian traveler
#Geography
❤3
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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🔆 How cyclones form & are measured
📍 Formation
✅ Warm seas (≥26.5°C) drive moist air upward; low pressure + Coriolis organize thunderstorms into a rotating system.
✅ Eye stays calm; eyewall has the strongest winds and heaviest rain; replacement cycles can briefly weaken, then widen winds.
✅ Strong vertical wind shear tilts the core and limits intensification.
📍 Classification (India, 3‑min winds)
✅ Depression: 31–49 km/h; Deep Depression: 50–61; Cyclonic Storm: 62–88; Severe: 89–117; Very Severe: 118–166; Extremely Severe: 167–221; Super: ≥222.
📍 Measurement
✅ Satellites, buoys, coastal radar, aircraft map structure, intensity, rainfall, and track.
📍 Forecasts
✅ 3–5 day track/genesis skill with better landfall accuracy and smaller evacuation zones.
📍 UPSC Mains (GS‑III)
“Explain thermodynamic and dynamic drivers of cyclones, and evaluate how observation and modeling advances improved intensity and landfall forecasts over the North Indian Ocean.
#Geography
📍 Formation
✅ Warm seas (≥26.5°C) drive moist air upward; low pressure + Coriolis organize thunderstorms into a rotating system.
✅ Eye stays calm; eyewall has the strongest winds and heaviest rain; replacement cycles can briefly weaken, then widen winds.
✅ Strong vertical wind shear tilts the core and limits intensification.
📍 Classification (India, 3‑min winds)
✅ Depression: 31–49 km/h; Deep Depression: 50–61; Cyclonic Storm: 62–88; Severe: 89–117; Very Severe: 118–166; Extremely Severe: 167–221; Super: ≥222.
📍 Measurement
✅ Satellites, buoys, coastal radar, aircraft map structure, intensity, rainfall, and track.
📍 Forecasts
✅ 3–5 day track/genesis skill with better landfall accuracy and smaller evacuation zones.
📍 UPSC Mains (GS‑III)
“Explain thermodynamic and dynamic drivers of cyclones, and evaluate how observation and modeling advances improved intensity and landfall forecasts over the North Indian Ocean.
#Geography
❤1
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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🔆 Bhavani Island (Quick Revision)
📍 Location:
✅ Situated in the Krishna River, near Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh — upstream of Prakasam Barrage.
📍 Size & Naming:
✅ Among India’s largest river islands — spans 133 acres.
✅ Named after Goddess Bhavani (Kanaka Durga), whose temple stands on the nearby Indrakeeladri Hill.
📍 Physical Features:
✅ Flat terrain with gentle slopes towards the river.
✅ Rich in mangroves, trees, and landscaped gardens.
📍 Fauna:
✅ Habitat for birds like kingfishers, herons, egrets, and black-capped kingfisher.
📍 Significance:
✅ Major tourist and recreational hub — famous for water sports, boating, and eco-tourism.
#Geography
📍 Location:
✅ Situated in the Krishna River, near Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh — upstream of Prakasam Barrage.
📍 Size & Naming:
✅ Among India’s largest river islands — spans 133 acres.
✅ Named after Goddess Bhavani (Kanaka Durga), whose temple stands on the nearby Indrakeeladri Hill.
📍 Physical Features:
✅ Flat terrain with gentle slopes towards the river.
✅ Rich in mangroves, trees, and landscaped gardens.
📍 Fauna:
✅ Habitat for birds like kingfishers, herons, egrets, and black-capped kingfisher.
📍 Significance:
✅ Major tourist and recreational hub — famous for water sports, boating, and eco-tourism.
#Geography
🔆 Survey of India’s National Geo Platform
📘 Implementing National Geospatial Policy, 2022
📍 Key Facts
✅ Developed by: Survey of India (SoI) & C.E. Info Systems Pvt. Ltd.
✅ Aim: Create a unified digital infrastructure for authentic geospatial data aggregation, sharing & dissemination.
✅ Features: Ortho-rectified imagery, DEMs, administrative boundaries, APIs, and spatial data registry.
✅ Objective: Promote data-driven, spatially enabled governance for research, innovation, and sustainable growth.
📍 Mains Question:
Discuss how geospatial infrastructure initiatives like the National Geo Platform strengthen Digital India and evidence-based policymaking.
#Geography
📘 Implementing National Geospatial Policy, 2022
📍 Key Facts
✅ Developed by: Survey of India (SoI) & C.E. Info Systems Pvt. Ltd.
✅ Aim: Create a unified digital infrastructure for authentic geospatial data aggregation, sharing & dissemination.
✅ Features: Ortho-rectified imagery, DEMs, administrative boundaries, APIs, and spatial data registry.
✅ Objective: Promote data-driven, spatially enabled governance for research, innovation, and sustainable growth.
📍 Mains Question:
Discuss how geospatial infrastructure initiatives like the National Geo Platform strengthen Digital India and evidence-based policymaking.
#Geography
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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🔆 India–Bahrain Talks: Strengthening Defence & Trade Ties
📍 Context:
India and Bahrain recently held talks to boost defence cooperation, trade, and regional security — marking a deepening of India’s engagement with Gulf nations under its Extended Neighbourhood Policy.
🌏 Political Features:
✅ Smallest Nations: Bahrain is the third-smallest country in Asia.
✅ Location: Situated in West Asia, within the Persian Gulf.
✅ Borders: It’s an archipelago nation with no land borders — surrounded entirely by water.
✅ Neighbouring Water Body: Persian Gulf.
🌍 Geographical Features:
✅ Terrain: Mostly desertic, comprising low-lying rocky and sandy plains.
✅ Highest Point: Jabal ad Dukhan.
✅ Aquifer System: Part of the Umm er Radhuma–Dammam Aquifer, shared with Qatar and Saudi arabia.
#Geography
📍 Context:
India and Bahrain recently held talks to boost defence cooperation, trade, and regional security — marking a deepening of India’s engagement with Gulf nations under its Extended Neighbourhood Policy.
🌏 Political Features:
✅ Smallest Nations: Bahrain is the third-smallest country in Asia.
✅ Location: Situated in West Asia, within the Persian Gulf.
✅ Borders: It’s an archipelago nation with no land borders — surrounded entirely by water.
✅ Neighbouring Water Body: Persian Gulf.
🌍 Geographical Features:
✅ Terrain: Mostly desertic, comprising low-lying rocky and sandy plains.
✅ Highest Point: Jabal ad Dukhan.
✅ Aquifer System: Part of the Umm er Radhuma–Dammam Aquifer, shared with Qatar and Saudi arabia.
#Geography
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