🔆 Haldia Multi-Modal Terminal (MMT), West Bengal
✅ Built under: Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP) on National Waterway-1 (Ganga–Bhagirathi–Hooghly system) with World Bank assistance.
✅ Operator: Handed to IRC Natural Resources under a 15-year PPP (EOT) concession.
✅ Capacity: 3.08 MMT per annum, located on NH-41, soon to get rail connectivity.
✅ Objective: Boost cargo movement via inland waterways — cost-effective, green, and faster transport, especially for NE states & Bangladesh.
✅ Royalty: ₹105.03 per metric tonne payable to IWAI.
✅ Significance: Strengthens multimodal logistics, aligns with India’s vision for sustainable inland water transport.
✨ A key step in promoting eco-friendly freight transport and regional trade integration.
📍 Mains Question:
How do projects like the Haldia Multi-Modal Terminal contribute to India’s goals of sustainable logistics and multimodal connectivity under Jal Marg Vikas Project?
#Geography
✅ Built under: Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP) on National Waterway-1 (Ganga–Bhagirathi–Hooghly system) with World Bank assistance.
✅ Operator: Handed to IRC Natural Resources under a 15-year PPP (EOT) concession.
✅ Capacity: 3.08 MMT per annum, located on NH-41, soon to get rail connectivity.
✅ Objective: Boost cargo movement via inland waterways — cost-effective, green, and faster transport, especially for NE states & Bangladesh.
✅ Royalty: ₹105.03 per metric tonne payable to IWAI.
✅ Significance: Strengthens multimodal logistics, aligns with India’s vision for sustainable inland water transport.
✨ A key step in promoting eco-friendly freight transport and regional trade integration.
📍 Mains Question:
How do projects like the Haldia Multi-Modal Terminal contribute to India’s goals of sustainable logistics and multimodal connectivity under Jal Marg Vikas Project?
#Geography
❤1
🔆 Microbial Link Between Arsenic & Rice Yield
📍 Source – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
📍 Key Findings
✅ It’s not the soil arsenic levels alone, but the type of microbes in rice paddies that determines arsenic toxicity and crop loss.
✅ Arsenic-methylating bacteria convert inorganic arsenic into toxic compounds (DMA, DMMTA), while demethylating archaea help detoxify the soil.
✅ A high ratio of methylating to demethylating microbes increases the risk of “straighthead disease”, causing up to 70% yield loss.
✅ Soils older than 700 years show more demethylating microbes — safer for crops.
📍 Implications
✅ Managing microbial balance may be key to reducing arsenic buildup in rice grains.
✅ Climate change and altered flooding regimes can worsen microbial imbalance, heightening risk.
✅ India — the world’s second-largest rice producer — must prioritize soil microbiome monitoring to protect yield and food safety.
✨ Future rice security depends as much on managing microbes as on managing soil.
📍 Mains Question:
Discuss how microbial activity in paddy soils influences arsenic toxicity and its implications for food safety and agricultural sustainability in India.
#Geography
https://www.tgoop.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
📍 Source – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
📍 Key Findings
✅ It’s not the soil arsenic levels alone, but the type of microbes in rice paddies that determines arsenic toxicity and crop loss.
✅ Arsenic-methylating bacteria convert inorganic arsenic into toxic compounds (DMA, DMMTA), while demethylating archaea help detoxify the soil.
✅ A high ratio of methylating to demethylating microbes increases the risk of “straighthead disease”, causing up to 70% yield loss.
✅ Soils older than 700 years show more demethylating microbes — safer for crops.
📍 Implications
✅ Managing microbial balance may be key to reducing arsenic buildup in rice grains.
✅ Climate change and altered flooding regimes can worsen microbial imbalance, heightening risk.
✅ India — the world’s second-largest rice producer — must prioritize soil microbiome monitoring to protect yield and food safety.
✨ Future rice security depends as much on managing microbes as on managing soil.
📍 Mains Question:
Discuss how microbial activity in paddy soils influences arsenic toxicity and its implications for food safety and agricultural sustainability in India.
#Geography
https://www.tgoop.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
❤2🤯1
🔆 Northeast Monsoon Arrives Early
📍 Context:
The northeast monsoon set in on Oct 16 (normal: Oct 20 ± 7 days), bringing relief to Tamil Nadu & coastal Andhra Pradesh.
✅ Key Facts:
• IMD predicts above-normal rainfall (112% of LPA).
• Tamil Nadu gets 48%, Andhra Pradesh 30%+ of annual rain from it.
• Higher risk of cyclones, cloudbursts, urban floods—esp. in Chennai.
• Real-time flood forecast system being set up by Tamil Nadu govt.
• Fertiliser (urea) shortage persists; demand rose to 36.65 lakh tonnes.
📍 Focus:
🌧️ Flood readiness
🌾 Fertiliser supply
🤝 Coordination across agencies
✨ #NortheastMonsoon #DisasterPreparedness
📍 Context:
The northeast monsoon set in on Oct 16 (normal: Oct 20 ± 7 days), bringing relief to Tamil Nadu & coastal Andhra Pradesh.
✅ Key Facts:
• IMD predicts above-normal rainfall (112% of LPA).
• Tamil Nadu gets 48%, Andhra Pradesh 30%+ of annual rain from it.
• Higher risk of cyclones, cloudbursts, urban floods—esp. in Chennai.
• Real-time flood forecast system being set up by Tamil Nadu govt.
• Fertiliser (urea) shortage persists; demand rose to 36.65 lakh tonnes.
📍 Focus:
🌧️ Flood readiness
🌾 Fertiliser supply
🤝 Coordination across agencies
✨ #NortheastMonsoon #DisasterPreparedness
❤5
🔆 Mud Volcano Eruption in Baratang Island (Andaman & Nicobar Islands)
📍 Recent Event
✅ India’s only active mud volcano in Baratang Island has erupted after 20 years, releasing mud, gases, and water.
📍 About Mud Volcanoes
✅ Definition: Natural vents that expel a mix of mud, water, and gases (mainly methane, sometimes CO₂ or nitrogen) — not molten lava.
✅ Formation Areas: Common in natural gas–rich regions.
✅ Cause of Eruption: Triggered by tectonic pressure or hydrocarbon gas buildup beneath the surface.
✅ Structure: Forms cone-like mounds, mimicking true volcanic shapes.
#Geography
📍 Recent Event
✅ India’s only active mud volcano in Baratang Island has erupted after 20 years, releasing mud, gases, and water.
📍 About Mud Volcanoes
✅ Definition: Natural vents that expel a mix of mud, water, and gases (mainly methane, sometimes CO₂ or nitrogen) — not molten lava.
✅ Formation Areas: Common in natural gas–rich regions.
✅ Cause of Eruption: Triggered by tectonic pressure or hydrocarbon gas buildup beneath the surface.
✅ Structure: Forms cone-like mounds, mimicking true volcanic shapes.
#Geography
❤3
🔆 Does India’s 1.9 Fertility Rate Reflect Reality?
📍 Key Idea:
India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) — reported at 1.9 by the UN Population Fund — signals sub-replacement fertility, but the figure may understate real fertility trends due to methodological and demographic limitations.
TFR is a synthetic measure based on age-specific fertility rates (ASFR) observed at a single point in time, assuming current fertility patterns remain constant. This ignores delayed childbearing, especially among younger women, leading to an artificially low TFR. Rural areas show a clear postponement pattern — fertility has shifted from women aged 15–19 to the 25–34 cohort.
Additionally, underreporting of births, exclusion of late-age fertility (40–49), and concealed births among adolescents distort data. Experts argue that India’s “real” fertility might be slightly higher than reported, and that sub-replacement fertility doesn’t automatically guarantee population stability due to youth bulge and regional disparities.
📍 Mains Question:
➡️ Critically evaluate whether India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) accurately reflects ground realities. How do methodological gaps influence demographic planning?
#Geography
📍 Key Idea:
India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) — reported at 1.9 by the UN Population Fund — signals sub-replacement fertility, but the figure may understate real fertility trends due to methodological and demographic limitations.
TFR is a synthetic measure based on age-specific fertility rates (ASFR) observed at a single point in time, assuming current fertility patterns remain constant. This ignores delayed childbearing, especially among younger women, leading to an artificially low TFR. Rural areas show a clear postponement pattern — fertility has shifted from women aged 15–19 to the 25–34 cohort.
Additionally, underreporting of births, exclusion of late-age fertility (40–49), and concealed births among adolescents distort data. Experts argue that India’s “real” fertility might be slightly higher than reported, and that sub-replacement fertility doesn’t automatically guarantee population stability due to youth bulge and regional disparities.
📍 Mains Question:
➡️ Critically evaluate whether India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) accurately reflects ground realities. How do methodological gaps influence demographic planning?
#Geography
🔆 Philippines – Earthquake & Key Facts
📍 Recent Event
✅ A 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck the Philippines, located in the seismically active Pacific “Ring of Fire.”
📍 Political Features
✅ Capital: Manila
✅ Region: Island nation in Southeast Asia, western Pacific Ocean
✅ Surrounding Seas:
• Philippine Sea (East)
• Celebes Sea (South)
• Sulu Sea (Southwest)
• South China Sea (West & North)
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Highest Point: Mount Apo
✅ Major Rivers: Cagayan (Río Grande de Cagayán), Mindanao, Agusan
✅ Climate: Tropical & Monsoonal — hot, humid, and typhoon-prone.
#Geography
Join https://www.tgoop.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
📍 Recent Event
✅ A 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck the Philippines, located in the seismically active Pacific “Ring of Fire.”
📍 Political Features
✅ Capital: Manila
✅ Region: Island nation in Southeast Asia, western Pacific Ocean
✅ Surrounding Seas:
• Philippine Sea (East)
• Celebes Sea (South)
• Sulu Sea (Southwest)
• South China Sea (West & North)
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Highest Point: Mount Apo
✅ Major Rivers: Cagayan (Río Grande de Cagayán), Mindanao, Agusan
✅ Climate: Tropical & Monsoonal — hot, humid, and typhoon-prone.
#Geography
Join https://www.tgoop.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
❤3
🔆 Centre Withdraws Approval for Animal Protein-Based Biostimulants
📍 Context:
✅ The Central Government has withdrawn approval for animal protein-based biostimulants citing religious and dietary sensitivities.
📍 About Biostimulants
✅ Definition: Substances or microorganisms that enhance plant growth by improving nutrient uptake, efficiency, and resilience to abiotic stresses (like drought, salinity, or heat).
✅ Examples: Humic acids, seaweed extracts, liquid manure compost, beneficial bacteria & fungi.
✅ Category: Officially distinct from fertilisers and insecticides, as they promote growth through biological stimulation rather than direct nutrient supply.
#Geography #cse #mains
📍 Context:
✅ The Central Government has withdrawn approval for animal protein-based biostimulants citing religious and dietary sensitivities.
📍 About Biostimulants
✅ Definition: Substances or microorganisms that enhance plant growth by improving nutrient uptake, efficiency, and resilience to abiotic stresses (like drought, salinity, or heat).
✅ Examples: Humic acids, seaweed extracts, liquid manure compost, beneficial bacteria & fungi.
✅ Category: Officially distinct from fertilisers and insecticides, as they promote growth through biological stimulation rather than direct nutrient supply.
#Geography #cse #mains
❤3
🔆 Venezuela 🇻🇪 (Capital – Caracas)
📍 Context
✅ Venezuela has deployed troops along the Colombian border after US naval strikes on alleged drug-carrying Venezuelan boats.
📍 Political Features
✅ Location: Northern tip of South America.
✅ Boundaries:
• North: Caribbean Sea & Atlantic Ocean
• East: Guyana
• South: Brazil
• West: Colombia
✅ Administers Caribbean islands, including La Orchila.
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Climate: Hot, humid tropical, moderate in highlands.
✅ Major Rivers & Water Bodies:
• Orinoco River – flows into Atlantic Ocean
• Rio Negro – drains into Amazon River
• Lake Maracaibo – largest lake in South America
✅ Angel Falls – world’s highest waterfall on Churún River.
✅ Holds world’s largest oil reserves and major natural gas deposits.
#Geography
📍 Context
✅ Venezuela has deployed troops along the Colombian border after US naval strikes on alleged drug-carrying Venezuelan boats.
📍 Political Features
✅ Location: Northern tip of South America.
✅ Boundaries:
• North: Caribbean Sea & Atlantic Ocean
• East: Guyana
• South: Brazil
• West: Colombia
✅ Administers Caribbean islands, including La Orchila.
📍 Geographical Features
✅ Climate: Hot, humid tropical, moderate in highlands.
✅ Major Rivers & Water Bodies:
• Orinoco River – flows into Atlantic Ocean
• Rio Negro – drains into Amazon River
• Lake Maracaibo – largest lake in South America
✅ Angel Falls – world’s highest waterfall on Churún River.
✅ Holds world’s largest oil reserves and major natural gas deposits.
#Geography
❤6
🔆 Typhoon Ragasa: The Year’s Strongest Storm
📍 About Typhoon Ragasa
✅ Super Typhoon Ragasa, locally known as “Nando,” is one of the most powerful tropical cyclones of 2024.
✅ It affected Luzon (Philippines), Taiwan, South China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Vietnam, before weakening into a tropical depression over northeastern Vietnam.
✅ It formed over the warm waters of the western Pacific, moving through the Luzon Strait toward southern China.
✅ Classified as a Category 5 super typhoon, Ragasa recorded sustained winds of 280 km/h, nearing the maximum intensity possible for storms on Earth.
📍 Why Was Ragasa So Intense?
✅ Rising global temperatures have made tropical cyclones more powerful, with the Pacific Ocean warming by 1.5°C in the past century.
✅ Storms in Southeast Asia are forming closer to coastlines, intensifying faster, and lasting longer.
✅ Warm ocean waters and a track over open seas helped Ragasa maintain its strength without losing energy over land.
📍 About Super Typhoons
✅ Super typhoons are powerful Pacific tropical cyclones with sustained winds above 150 mph (240 km/h).
✅ They form from tropical disturbances over warm ocean waters with low wind shear.
✅ Common in the Western Pacific, near China, Japan, and the Philippines.
📍 About Tropical Cyclones
✅ A tropical cyclone is a warm-core low-pressure system forming over tropical or subtropical waters with an organized circulation.
✅ The storm’s “dirty side” (right side in the Northern Hemisphere) is usually more destructive due to stronger combined winds.
✅ Formation Process:
1️⃣ Warm, moist air rises over the ocean, creating a low-pressure zone.
2️⃣ Surrounding air rushes in, also warming and rising.
3️⃣ Condensation forms clouds and thunderstorms, releasing heat.
4️⃣ The storm system strengthens using the ocean’s heat and moisture.
📍 Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
• Category 1: 74–95 mph – Minimal damage
• Category 2: 96–110 mph – Moderate damage
• Category 3: 111–129 mph – Major hurricane
• Category 4: 130–156 mph – Catastrophic damage
• Category 5: ≥157 mph – Devastating damage
📍 Classification of Tropical Systems
✅ Tropical Depression: Winds <63 km/h
✅ Tropical Storm: Winds 63–118 km/h
✅ Hurricane/Typhoon/Cyclone: Winds ≥119 km/h
📍 Current Status (2024)
🌧️ Ragasa has weakened to a tropical depression over northeastern Vietnam, but continues to bring heavy rainfall to northern provinces.
#TyphoonRagasa #ClimateChange
#Geography
📍 About Typhoon Ragasa
✅ Super Typhoon Ragasa, locally known as “Nando,” is one of the most powerful tropical cyclones of 2024.
✅ It affected Luzon (Philippines), Taiwan, South China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Vietnam, before weakening into a tropical depression over northeastern Vietnam.
✅ It formed over the warm waters of the western Pacific, moving through the Luzon Strait toward southern China.
✅ Classified as a Category 5 super typhoon, Ragasa recorded sustained winds of 280 km/h, nearing the maximum intensity possible for storms on Earth.
📍 Why Was Ragasa So Intense?
✅ Rising global temperatures have made tropical cyclones more powerful, with the Pacific Ocean warming by 1.5°C in the past century.
✅ Storms in Southeast Asia are forming closer to coastlines, intensifying faster, and lasting longer.
✅ Warm ocean waters and a track over open seas helped Ragasa maintain its strength without losing energy over land.
📍 About Super Typhoons
✅ Super typhoons are powerful Pacific tropical cyclones with sustained winds above 150 mph (240 km/h).
✅ They form from tropical disturbances over warm ocean waters with low wind shear.
✅ Common in the Western Pacific, near China, Japan, and the Philippines.
📍 About Tropical Cyclones
✅ A tropical cyclone is a warm-core low-pressure system forming over tropical or subtropical waters with an organized circulation.
✅ The storm’s “dirty side” (right side in the Northern Hemisphere) is usually more destructive due to stronger combined winds.
✅ Formation Process:
1️⃣ Warm, moist air rises over the ocean, creating a low-pressure zone.
2️⃣ Surrounding air rushes in, also warming and rising.
3️⃣ Condensation forms clouds and thunderstorms, releasing heat.
4️⃣ The storm system strengthens using the ocean’s heat and moisture.
📍 Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
• Category 1: 74–95 mph – Minimal damage
• Category 2: 96–110 mph – Moderate damage
• Category 3: 111–129 mph – Major hurricane
• Category 4: 130–156 mph – Catastrophic damage
• Category 5: ≥157 mph – Devastating damage
📍 Classification of Tropical Systems
✅ Tropical Depression: Winds <63 km/h
✅ Tropical Storm: Winds 63–118 km/h
✅ Hurricane/Typhoon/Cyclone: Winds ≥119 km/h
📍 Current Status (2024)
🌧️ Ragasa has weakened to a tropical depression over northeastern Vietnam, but continues to bring heavy rainfall to northern provinces.
#TyphoonRagasa #ClimateChange
#Geography
❤5
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🔆 NCMC Reviews Cyclone Preparedness in Bay of Bengal
✅ Cabinet Secretary Dr. T.V. Somanathan chaired an NCMC meeting to review readiness for an impending cyclone over Bay of Bengal.
✅ IMD: Storm likely to intensify into a severe cyclone (90–110 kmph) by 28 Oct, crossing Andhra–Odisha coast.
✅ States (TN, AP, Odisha, Puducherry) on high alert with NDRF & SDRF teams deployed.
✅ Coast Guard has guided 900+ fishing boats to safety.
✅ Focus: Zero casualties, minimal infrastructure loss, and rapid restoration of essential services.
💬 Mains Q:
Evaluate the role of NCMC in ensuring disaster preparedness and coordination during cyclones.
#DisasterManagement
✅ Cabinet Secretary Dr. T.V. Somanathan chaired an NCMC meeting to review readiness for an impending cyclone over Bay of Bengal.
✅ IMD: Storm likely to intensify into a severe cyclone (90–110 kmph) by 28 Oct, crossing Andhra–Odisha coast.
✅ States (TN, AP, Odisha, Puducherry) on high alert with NDRF & SDRF teams deployed.
✅ Coast Guard has guided 900+ fishing boats to safety.
✅ Focus: Zero casualties, minimal infrastructure loss, and rapid restoration of essential services.
💬 Mains Q:
Evaluate the role of NCMC in ensuring disaster preparedness and coordination during cyclones.
#DisasterManagement
❤3
🔆 Cyclone Montha: Impact and Intensification
📍 Overview:
✅ Cyclone Montha is a tropical cyclone formed over the Bay of Bengal from a low-pressure system.
✅ Named by Thailand, “Montha” means “fragrant flower” in Thai.
📍 Impact Areas:
✅ Affected Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and coastal Telangana with widespread rainfall and gusty winds.
✅ High risks of flooding, strong winds, and damage to homes and crops.
📍 Intensification:
✅ The system intensified into a deep depression by 26 October and became a cyclonic storm.
✅ Favourable conditions: Warm sea temperatures (>28°C), low wind shear, and ample moisture support intensification.
📍 Future Outlook:
✅ IMD forecasts the storm may become a Severe Cyclonic Storm before landfall.
💬 Mains Q:
Discuss the preparedness measures required to mitigate the effects of cyclones like Montha on coastal states.
#Geography
📍 Overview:
✅ Cyclone Montha is a tropical cyclone formed over the Bay of Bengal from a low-pressure system.
✅ Named by Thailand, “Montha” means “fragrant flower” in Thai.
📍 Impact Areas:
✅ Affected Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and coastal Telangana with widespread rainfall and gusty winds.
✅ High risks of flooding, strong winds, and damage to homes and crops.
📍 Intensification:
✅ The system intensified into a deep depression by 26 October and became a cyclonic storm.
✅ Favourable conditions: Warm sea temperatures (>28°C), low wind shear, and ample moisture support intensification.
📍 Future Outlook:
✅ IMD forecasts the storm may become a Severe Cyclonic Storm before landfall.
💬 Mains Q:
Discuss the preparedness measures required to mitigate the effects of cyclones like Montha on coastal states.
#Geography
❤5👍5😁1
🔆 India’s Position in Rare Earth Elements (REEs)
📍 REE Potential
✅ India holds around 6% of the world’s rare earth reserves, indicating significant untapped resources.
📍 Import Dependency
✅ In FY 2023–24, India imported 2,270 tonnes of REEs, showing a moderate dependence on external sources.
📍 Light REE Capabilities
✅ India can extract light REEs from monazite-rich beach sands, particularly along the coasts of Kerala.
📍 Heavy REE Refining Deficit
✅ India lacks the technological and industrial infrastructure to refine heavy REEs, which creates a strategic vulnerability in the critical minerals supply chain.
🔆 China’s Position in the REE Market
📍 Market Monopoly
✅ China holds a monopoly in the global REE market.
✅ It accounted for more than 2/3rd of mined REEs last year.
✅ China produces nearly 90% of global refined REE output.
📍 Rare-Earth Magnets Supply
✅ China also dominates the supply of rare-earth magnets.
📍 Recent Trade Curbs
✅ China’s recent export curbs on 12 rare-earth elements have reignited trade tensions globally.
#Geography
https://www.tgoop.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
📍 REE Potential
✅ India holds around 6% of the world’s rare earth reserves, indicating significant untapped resources.
📍 Import Dependency
✅ In FY 2023–24, India imported 2,270 tonnes of REEs, showing a moderate dependence on external sources.
📍 Light REE Capabilities
✅ India can extract light REEs from monazite-rich beach sands, particularly along the coasts of Kerala.
📍 Heavy REE Refining Deficit
✅ India lacks the technological and industrial infrastructure to refine heavy REEs, which creates a strategic vulnerability in the critical minerals supply chain.
🔆 China’s Position in the REE Market
📍 Market Monopoly
✅ China holds a monopoly in the global REE market.
✅ It accounted for more than 2/3rd of mined REEs last year.
✅ China produces nearly 90% of global refined REE output.
📍 Rare-Earth Magnets Supply
✅ China also dominates the supply of rare-earth magnets.
📍 Recent Trade Curbs
✅ China’s recent export curbs on 12 rare-earth elements have reignited trade tensions globally.
#Geography
https://www.tgoop.com/Mapping_prelims_mains
❤2
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
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🔆 Mains Question
Q. “Climate justice has a fair price tag of trillions, not billions.” Discuss the importance of robust climate finance in addressing the climate crisis and how it impacts the Global South’s trust in COP negotiations.
📍 Key Issues:
✅ Climate Justice must be built on fair financing for vulnerable regions, not just a symbolic commitment.
✅ Poor Quality & Quantity of Finance: Global South’s trust in climate negotiations is waning due to lack of adequate funding.
✅ COP30 in Brazil: The potential for global collaboration exists, but real support is still lacking, hindering long-term progress.
✅ Green Climate Fund: Though aimed at bridging the finance gap, it falls short of delivering the promised funds, impeding effective climate action.
📍 India’s Role:
✅ India calls for stronger global financial commitments, urging for trillions in climate finance, rather than billions.
✅ Promoted global partnerships like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure.
#environment
Q. “Climate justice has a fair price tag of trillions, not billions.” Discuss the importance of robust climate finance in addressing the climate crisis and how it impacts the Global South’s trust in COP negotiations.
📍 Key Issues:
✅ Climate Justice must be built on fair financing for vulnerable regions, not just a symbolic commitment.
✅ Poor Quality & Quantity of Finance: Global South’s trust in climate negotiations is waning due to lack of adequate funding.
✅ COP30 in Brazil: The potential for global collaboration exists, but real support is still lacking, hindering long-term progress.
✅ Green Climate Fund: Though aimed at bridging the finance gap, it falls short of delivering the promised funds, impeding effective climate action.
📍 India’s Role:
✅ India calls for stronger global financial commitments, urging for trillions in climate finance, rather than billions.
✅ Promoted global partnerships like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure.
#environment
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Just 2-page September Current Affairs bilingual quick revision notes
CLICK HERE
September MCQ CLICK HERE
CLICK HERE
September MCQ CLICK HERE
🔆 Miscellaneous Geography Facts
📘 Physical Features & Locations:
✅ Mt. Etna – Only active volcano in Europe
✅ Atacama Desert – Located in South America
✅ Amazon Rainforest – South America
✅ Tasmania – Part of Australia
✅ Tanzania – Country in Africa
✅ Cape Agulhas – Southernmost tip of Africa
✅ Lowest point on Earth: Dead Sea
✅ Lowest road: Highway 90 (Israel–Jordan region)
📘 Continental & Regional Divisions:
✅ Divisions of Asia:
• South Asia (SAARC – includes India)
• Southeast Asia (ASEAN)
• Central Asia
• West Asia
• East Asia
✅ Laurasia: Asia, Europe, Greenland, North America
✅ Gondwanaland: India, Australia, Africa, Madagascar, South America
📘 Organizations & Treaties:
✅ UN Membership: 193 nations
• Africa – 54 • Asia – 47 • Europe – 43
• North America – 23 • Australia – 14 • South America – 12
✅ Non-UN members: Taiwan, Palestine *, Vatican City, Kosovo
✅ European Union: 27 nations
✅ Euro Currency: 17 nations
✅ Antarctic Treaty: 1959
📘 Rivers & Explorers:
✅ Marañón + Ucayali → Amazon River
✅ Marco Polo (1271 AD) – Venetian traveler
#Geography
📘 Physical Features & Locations:
✅ Mt. Etna – Only active volcano in Europe
✅ Atacama Desert – Located in South America
✅ Amazon Rainforest – South America
✅ Tasmania – Part of Australia
✅ Tanzania – Country in Africa
✅ Cape Agulhas – Southernmost tip of Africa
✅ Lowest point on Earth: Dead Sea
✅ Lowest road: Highway 90 (Israel–Jordan region)
📘 Continental & Regional Divisions:
✅ Divisions of Asia:
• South Asia (SAARC – includes India)
• Southeast Asia (ASEAN)
• Central Asia
• West Asia
• East Asia
✅ Laurasia: Asia, Europe, Greenland, North America
✅ Gondwanaland: India, Australia, Africa, Madagascar, South America
📘 Organizations & Treaties:
✅ UN Membership: 193 nations
• Africa – 54 • Asia – 47 • Europe – 43
• North America – 23 • Australia – 14 • South America – 12
✅ Non-UN members: Taiwan, Palestine *, Vatican City, Kosovo
✅ European Union: 27 nations
✅ Euro Currency: 17 nations
✅ Antarctic Treaty: 1959
📘 Rivers & Explorers:
✅ Marañón + Ucayali → Amazon River
✅ Marco Polo (1271 AD) – Venetian traveler
#Geography
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