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CSE notification 2025
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🔆Dutch East India Company
✅Cornelis-de-Hartmann was the first Dutch Citizen to reach India via Cape of Good Hope in 1596 AD.
✅1602 AD, the first Dutch Company United East India Company was created and its first permanent trading post in Indonesia.
✅Dutch had a monopoly on the spice trade in India in the 17th century.
✅First Dutch Governor: Pieter Both.
✅In India they established the first factory in Muslipatnam in 1605, followed by Pulicat in 1610, Surat in 1616, Bimilipatam in 1641, and Chinasurah in 1653.
✅The factory at Chinasurah was the headquarters for all the Dutch agencies and factories in Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, and Bangladesh.
✅When they established a factory in Pulicat in 1610 it became their main centre of activities. It was known as Fort Geldria.
✅The Battle of Bedara(1759) was fought between the English and Dutch armies in Bengal India. In this battle, the English forces defeated the Dutch Forces and helped the British East India Company to assert their supremacy in India.
#gs1
#history
@upsc_4_history
✅Cornelis-de-Hartmann was the first Dutch Citizen to reach India via Cape of Good Hope in 1596 AD.
✅1602 AD, the first Dutch Company United East India Company was created and its first permanent trading post in Indonesia.
✅Dutch had a monopoly on the spice trade in India in the 17th century.
✅First Dutch Governor: Pieter Both.
✅In India they established the first factory in Muslipatnam in 1605, followed by Pulicat in 1610, Surat in 1616, Bimilipatam in 1641, and Chinasurah in 1653.
✅The factory at Chinasurah was the headquarters for all the Dutch agencies and factories in Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, and Bangladesh.
✅When they established a factory in Pulicat in 1610 it became their main centre of activities. It was known as Fort Geldria.
✅The Battle of Bedara(1759) was fought between the English and Dutch armies in Bengal India. In this battle, the English forces defeated the Dutch Forces and helped the British East India Company to assert their supremacy in India.
#gs1
#history
@upsc_4_history
Amir Khusrau:
✅ Innovated musical instruments like the tabla and sitar.
✅ Also known as the “parrot of India” or “tuti-i-hind”.
✅ Played a pivotal role in creating new ragas and qawwalis.
✅ He also compiled “Tughlaq Nama” and lauded Kashmir as a paradise on earth.
✅ Sufi practices, especially the musical Sama, were pivotal in music promotion. Pir Bhodan was a renowned musician of his era. Sarangi and Rabab were musical instruments invented during this period.
✅ Raja Man Singh Tomar of Gwalior consolidated the Dhrupad style of classical music.
✅ Under the patronage of Firuz Tughlaq, Rag Darpan was translated into Persian.
✅ Dancing also became a significant courtly activity, with performers like Nusrat Khatun (Musician) and Mihr Afroz (Dancer) during Jalaluddin Khalji’s reign.
#history
#pre_revision
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#history
#pre_revision
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🏺 Rakhigarhi – Unraveling the Secrets of the Indus Valley Civilization
📍 Location: Rakhigarhi, Hisar District, Haryana
📜 Era: Mature phase of the Indus Valley Civilization (2600–1900 BCE)
🌊 Situated on: The Ghaggar-Hakra River plain
🔍 Major Findings
✅ DNA Analysis: Inhabitants had a distinct origin, refuting theories of Steppe pastoral or ancient Iranian farmer ancestry.
✅ Advanced Town Planning: Mud and burnt brick homes, efficient drainage, aristocratic settlements.
✅ Granary Discovery: Large storage structures suggest organized food management.
✅ Lapidary Art: Beads of semi-precious stones indicate a flourishing trade culture.
✅ Rituals & Burials: Fire altars, animal sacrifices, and funerary rituals with pottery and artifacts.
✅ Harappan Seals: A seal with an alligator symbol and five Harappan letters found.
✅ Pottery & Tools: Dishes, vases, jars, goblets, and standardized weight systems.
📰 Latest Discovery – 4,600-Year-Old Woman from Rakhigarhi
🔬 DNA Study: A well-preserved skeleton of a woman has opened new debates on the genetic lineage of the Harappans.
🛕 Cultural Link: The presence of fire altars and sacrificial pits suggests strong ritualistic traditions.
🏛 Significance of Rakhigarhi
🔸 Largest Harappan Museum: Announced in Union Budget 2020, to preserve its rich legacy.
#History
📍 Location: Rakhigarhi, Hisar District, Haryana
📜 Era: Mature phase of the Indus Valley Civilization (2600–1900 BCE)
🌊 Situated on: The Ghaggar-Hakra River plain
🔍 Major Findings
✅ DNA Analysis: Inhabitants had a distinct origin, refuting theories of Steppe pastoral or ancient Iranian farmer ancestry.
✅ Advanced Town Planning: Mud and burnt brick homes, efficient drainage, aristocratic settlements.
✅ Granary Discovery: Large storage structures suggest organized food management.
✅ Lapidary Art: Beads of semi-precious stones indicate a flourishing trade culture.
✅ Rituals & Burials: Fire altars, animal sacrifices, and funerary rituals with pottery and artifacts.
✅ Harappan Seals: A seal with an alligator symbol and five Harappan letters found.
✅ Pottery & Tools: Dishes, vases, jars, goblets, and standardized weight systems.
📰 Latest Discovery – 4,600-Year-Old Woman from Rakhigarhi
🔬 DNA Study: A well-preserved skeleton of a woman has opened new debates on the genetic lineage of the Harappans.
🛕 Cultural Link: The presence of fire altars and sacrificial pits suggests strong ritualistic traditions.
🏛 Significance of Rakhigarhi
🔸 Largest Harappan Museum: Announced in Union Budget 2020, to preserve its rich legacy.
#History
🔆 Tobacco: A Global Health Crisis
📍 Historical Context:
✅ Vasco da Gama’s explorations helped globalize tobacco trade, making it widespread.
📍 Health & Economic Impact:
✅ Causes 8 million deaths yearly (cancer, respiratory, cardiovascular diseases).
✅ Nicotine addiction worsens the crisis.
✅ Economic burden (₹1.82 lakh crore in India) outweighs revenue benefits.
📍 Ethical & Scientific Efforts:
✅ CRISPR gene-editing aims to reduce nicotine levels.
✅ Balancing health and economy is crucial for policymaking.
📍 Conclusion:
Tobacco, once a trade commodity, is now a global health pandemic, demanding urgent action. 🚭
#social_issue #history
📍 Historical Context:
✅ Vasco da Gama’s explorations helped globalize tobacco trade, making it widespread.
📍 Health & Economic Impact:
✅ Causes 8 million deaths yearly (cancer, respiratory, cardiovascular diseases).
✅ Nicotine addiction worsens the crisis.
✅ Economic burden (₹1.82 lakh crore in India) outweighs revenue benefits.
📍 Ethical & Scientific Efforts:
✅ CRISPR gene-editing aims to reduce nicotine levels.
✅ Balancing health and economy is crucial for policymaking.
📍 Conclusion:
Tobacco, once a trade commodity, is now a global health pandemic, demanding urgent action. 🚭
#social_issue #history
🔆 Officials in the Later Vedic Age
📍 Administrative & Military Officials
✅ Purohita – Chief Priest, sometimes called Rashtragopa.
✅ Senani – Supreme Commander of the army.
✅ Vrajapati – Officer-in-Charge of pasture lands.
✅ Jivagribha – Police Officer.
📍 Judicial & Revenue Officials
✅ Madhyamasi – Mediator for dispute resolution.
✅ Bhagadugha – Revenue Collector.
✅ Sangrahitri – Treasurer.
📍 Royal & Court Officials
✅ Mahishi – Chief Queen.
✅ Suta – Charioteer & court minstrel/musician.
#history
📍 Administrative & Military Officials
✅ Purohita – Chief Priest, sometimes called Rashtragopa.
✅ Senani – Supreme Commander of the army.
✅ Vrajapati – Officer-in-Charge of pasture lands.
✅ Jivagribha – Police Officer.
📍 Judicial & Revenue Officials
✅ Madhyamasi – Mediator for dispute resolution.
✅ Bhagadugha – Revenue Collector.
✅ Sangrahitri – Treasurer.
📍 Royal & Court Officials
✅ Mahishi – Chief Queen.
✅ Suta – Charioteer & court minstrel/musician.
#history
🔆 Key Terms from Rig Vedic Period
📍 Assemblies & Officials
✅ Sabha → Assembly performing judicial functions.
✅ Samiti → Folk assembly for tribal decision-making.
✅ Sabhavat → Women attending the assembly.
✅ Madhyamsi → Mediator in disputes.
✅ Sangrahitri → Treasurer.
✅ Bhagadugha → Tax collector.
✅ Akshavapa → Account officer.
✅ Ugra → Police official.
✅ Jivagrabha → Authority responsible for capturing criminals.
✅ Prashnavinak → Judges.
📍 Beliefs & Deities
✅ Avrata → People disobeying god’s ordinances.
✅ Pushan → God of Shudras.
📍 Cattle & Society
✅ Gau (Cow) → Central to Rig Vedic culture, many names with the suffix “Gau” exist in Rig Veda.
✅ Godhuli → Used as a measure of time.
✅ Gavyuti → Unit for measuring distance.
✅ Duhitri → Term for daughter, as she used to milk cows.
✅ Gavisti → Refers to conflicts and battles.
✅ Gavesana → Search for cattle.
✅ Gayat → Term for hostilities.
✅ Gauri & Gavala → Buffalo.
✅ Gomat → Owner of cattle.
✅ Gojit → Winner of cows.
📍 Scholars & Rishis
✅ Hotra/Hotri → Rishis expert in Rigveda.
✅ Udgatri → Expert of Samaveda.
✅ Adhvaryu → Expert in Yajurveda.
#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient
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📍 Assemblies & Officials
✅ Sabha → Assembly performing judicial functions.
✅ Samiti → Folk assembly for tribal decision-making.
✅ Sabhavat → Women attending the assembly.
✅ Madhyamsi → Mediator in disputes.
✅ Sangrahitri → Treasurer.
✅ Bhagadugha → Tax collector.
✅ Akshavapa → Account officer.
✅ Ugra → Police official.
✅ Jivagrabha → Authority responsible for capturing criminals.
✅ Prashnavinak → Judges.
📍 Beliefs & Deities
✅ Avrata → People disobeying god’s ordinances.
✅ Pushan → God of Shudras.
📍 Cattle & Society
✅ Gau (Cow) → Central to Rig Vedic culture, many names with the suffix “Gau” exist in Rig Veda.
✅ Godhuli → Used as a measure of time.
✅ Gavyuti → Unit for measuring distance.
✅ Duhitri → Term for daughter, as she used to milk cows.
✅ Gavisti → Refers to conflicts and battles.
✅ Gavesana → Search for cattle.
✅ Gayat → Term for hostilities.
✅ Gauri & Gavala → Buffalo.
✅ Gomat → Owner of cattle.
✅ Gojit → Winner of cows.
📍 Scholars & Rishis
✅ Hotra/Hotri → Rishis expert in Rigveda.
✅ Udgatri → Expert of Samaveda.
✅ Adhvaryu → Expert in Yajurveda.
#history #prelims_facts #prelims #ancient
Join @CSE_EXAM
@Upsc_4_history
🔆 Literary Activities in Ancient India
📍 Early Grammar and Law Books
✅ Ashtadhyayi – Panini (5th C. BC), the earliest grammar book, also called Bhagavati Sutra
✅ Mahabhashya – Written by Patanjali
✅ Manusmriti – A law book
✅ Arthashastra – Written by Kautilya
✅ Indica – By Megasthenes, a source of Mauryan society and administration
✅ Chandsutra – Written by Pingala
📍 Buddhist and Classical Literary Works
✅ Buddhacharita – By Aswaghosha
✅ Raghuvamsa – By Kalidasa
✅ Naishad Charita – By Sri Harsha
📍 Classical and Poetic Literature
✅ Kamasutra and Arya Manjushree – By Vatsyayana
✅ Pavandhoot – By Dhoyi
✅ Swapna Vasavadatta – By Bhasa
✅ Matavilasa Prahasana – By Mahendravarman I
✅ Harshacharita – Written by Banabhatta
✅ Vikramadeva Charita – Written by Bilhana
📍 Sanskrit and Other Classical Works
✅ Dasakumaracharit – By Dandin
✅ Vasavadatta – By Subandu
✅ Brihat Kathamanjari – By Kshemendra
✅ Kathasaritsagara – By Somadeva
✅ Panchatantra – By Vishnusharma
✅ Hitopadesha – By Narayan Pandit
📍 Travel and Historical Accounts
✅ Fo-kyo-ki – By Fa-hien
✅ Si-yu-ki – By Hiuen Tsang
📍 Scientific and Astronomical Texts
✅ Panchasidhantika – By Varahamihira
✅ Suryasidhantika and Aryabhatiyam – By Aryabhatta
✅ Nitisara – By Kamandaka
✅ Charak Samhita – By Charaka
✅ Hastayurveda – By Palkapya
📍 Legal and Medical Texts
✅ Mitakshara – By Vigneswara
✅ Dayabhaga – By Jimutavahana
✅ Sidhanta Siromani – By Bhaskaracharya
✅ Nigahantu – By Dhanvantari
📍 Historical and Political Works
✅ Mudrarakshasa – By Vishakadatta
✅ Prabhanda Chintamani – By Meruthunga
✅ Geography of India – By Ptolemy
✅ Brihat Kathakosh – By Harisena
✅ Mrichakatika – By Sudraka
✅ Prithviraj Vijaya – By Jayanak
✅ Nala Vemba – By pugalendi
#history
📍 Early Grammar and Law Books
✅ Ashtadhyayi – Panini (5th C. BC), the earliest grammar book, also called Bhagavati Sutra
✅ Mahabhashya – Written by Patanjali
✅ Manusmriti – A law book
✅ Arthashastra – Written by Kautilya
✅ Indica – By Megasthenes, a source of Mauryan society and administration
✅ Chandsutra – Written by Pingala
📍 Buddhist and Classical Literary Works
✅ Buddhacharita – By Aswaghosha
✅ Raghuvamsa – By Kalidasa
✅ Naishad Charita – By Sri Harsha
📍 Classical and Poetic Literature
✅ Kamasutra and Arya Manjushree – By Vatsyayana
✅ Pavandhoot – By Dhoyi
✅ Swapna Vasavadatta – By Bhasa
✅ Matavilasa Prahasana – By Mahendravarman I
✅ Harshacharita – Written by Banabhatta
✅ Vikramadeva Charita – Written by Bilhana
📍 Sanskrit and Other Classical Works
✅ Dasakumaracharit – By Dandin
✅ Vasavadatta – By Subandu
✅ Brihat Kathamanjari – By Kshemendra
✅ Kathasaritsagara – By Somadeva
✅ Panchatantra – By Vishnusharma
✅ Hitopadesha – By Narayan Pandit
📍 Travel and Historical Accounts
✅ Fo-kyo-ki – By Fa-hien
✅ Si-yu-ki – By Hiuen Tsang
📍 Scientific and Astronomical Texts
✅ Panchasidhantika – By Varahamihira
✅ Suryasidhantika and Aryabhatiyam – By Aryabhatta
✅ Nitisara – By Kamandaka
✅ Charak Samhita – By Charaka
✅ Hastayurveda – By Palkapya
📍 Legal and Medical Texts
✅ Mitakshara – By Vigneswara
✅ Dayabhaga – By Jimutavahana
✅ Sidhanta Siromani – By Bhaskaracharya
✅ Nigahantu – By Dhanvantari
📍 Historical and Political Works
✅ Mudrarakshasa – By Vishakadatta
✅ Prabhanda Chintamani – By Meruthunga
✅ Geography of India – By Ptolemy
✅ Brihat Kathakosh – By Harisena
✅ Mrichakatika – By Sudraka
✅ Prithviraj Vijaya – By Jayanak
✅ Nala Vemba – By pugalendi
#history