Сегодня вспоминаем Его Величество, всепобеждающего льва от колена Иудина.
https://www.tgoop.com/meskob/1832
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Абиссинецъ – የሐበሻ መስኮብ
Герой дня 127-летней давности - император Эфиопии Менелик II (ዳግማዊ ዓፄ ምኒልክ), победитель в битве при Адуа (и не только), правитель сформировавший современные границы страны. Его Величество сидит в центре снимка.
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В те дни, накануне и сразу после сражения, Россия стояла плечо к плечу с Эфиопией. О русских медиках в Абиссинии под началом генерал-майора Шведова читаем здесь.
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А эту запись я адресую моим читателям из Эфиопии.
ይድረስ ለኢትዮጵያውያን አንባቢዎቼ!
The Aftermath of Adwa Victory
Albeit victorious for Ethiopians, the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895-1896 resulted in 45,000 killed and wounded in action Ethiopians. The heroic resistance of the people of Ethiopia aroused warm sympathy in Russia. The Russian press publications indicated an urgent need to provide medical care to wounded Ethiopians.
In March 1896, at a meeting of the Head Office of the Russian Red Cross Society, a decision was passed as to send a medical and sanitary detachment to Ethiopia. To this end, the Imperial Russian Treasury allocated RUB 100,000 (equivalent of the then USD 51,656 or GBP 10,615). This was supplemented by private donations.
By the end of March 1896, a 61-strong Russian medical and sanitary detachment was activated, which included doctors, orderlies, medical students, and nurses. Most of the doctors were graduates of the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy. The detachment was placed under the command of Major General (Ret.) Nikolay Shvedov (see photo above).
On 18 April 1896, the Russian medics disembarked near Obock in Djibouti. By May, the detachment reached Harar. Following an unwanted downtime in Harar (Emperor Menelik II was not completely sure of Russians’ unselfishness and sincerity of intentions), the Russian medical and sanitary detachment finally entered Entoto on 26 July 1896.
The practical activities of the detachment went far beyond the originally intended goals. Medical assistance was provided not only to the wounded and sick soldiers of the Ethiopian Army, but also to the local population. The Russian medical and sanitary detachment opened medical courses for Ethiopians and actually started rendering medical services to the population of Ethiopia.
In a letter to the Russian Emperor Nicholas II, dated 22 October 1896, Emperor Menelik II particularly wrote: "Today, in a difficult time when people are divided into friends and foes, the Russian nation, unlike all others, has declared, as a sign of the formerly established friendship, the sending of its Red Cross Society doctors to us. The work done by the Russian doctors of the Red Cross Society, as directed by Yourself, is evident to everyone in this country. The example You set is etched in the heart of the people of Ethiopia. We hope that the cause of Christian charity, that began in Ethiopia, will live on forever and be strengthened... May the friendship between our two nations grow stronger over the centuries".
The volume of medical assistance rendered by the Russian medical and sanitary detachment in Ethiopia is as follows: the number of patients received on the way to Harar – 49, whilst stationed in Harar – 1,196, on the way from Harar to Entoto – 300, in Entoto hospital (as of 11 September 1896) – 5,188, and in Harar (by a unit left there at from 18 July through 25 August) – 7,216, which results in the overall of 13,949. A total of 460 operations were performed, of which only one was fatal. The dispensary of the Harar unit was regularly visited by Ras Makonnen, and hereat, in turn, young Ethiopian trainees were instructed in rendering sanitary services.
Emperor Menelik II awarded all members of the Russian medical and sanitary detachment with Ethiopian orders, medals and certificates; doctors were conferred upon with the Order of the Seal of Solomon, whereas orderlies were issued special golden medals coined on the occasion. When the detachment left for the homeland, it left over in Ethiopia a group of five medics, including doctor Rudzevich, assistant doctors-students Shchusev and Fedorov, paramedic Sasson and one orderly, which continued to provide medical assistance to the population of Ethiopia. Medical equipment and medicines of the provisional Russian hospital were transferred to the government of Ethiopia. Together with the main body of the Russian medical and sanitary detachment, sent to St. Petersburg, at the behest of Emperor Menelik II, as to receive professional medical education were five young Ethiopians.
ይድረስ ለኢትዮጵያውያን አንባቢዎቼ!
The Aftermath of Adwa Victory
Albeit victorious for Ethiopians, the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895-1896 resulted in 45,000 killed and wounded in action Ethiopians. The heroic resistance of the people of Ethiopia aroused warm sympathy in Russia. The Russian press publications indicated an urgent need to provide medical care to wounded Ethiopians.
In March 1896, at a meeting of the Head Office of the Russian Red Cross Society, a decision was passed as to send a medical and sanitary detachment to Ethiopia. To this end, the Imperial Russian Treasury allocated RUB 100,000 (equivalent of the then USD 51,656 or GBP 10,615). This was supplemented by private donations.
By the end of March 1896, a 61-strong Russian medical and sanitary detachment was activated, which included doctors, orderlies, medical students, and nurses. Most of the doctors were graduates of the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy. The detachment was placed under the command of Major General (Ret.) Nikolay Shvedov (see photo above).
On 18 April 1896, the Russian medics disembarked near Obock in Djibouti. By May, the detachment reached Harar. Following an unwanted downtime in Harar (Emperor Menelik II was not completely sure of Russians’ unselfishness and sincerity of intentions), the Russian medical and sanitary detachment finally entered Entoto on 26 July 1896.
The practical activities of the detachment went far beyond the originally intended goals. Medical assistance was provided not only to the wounded and sick soldiers of the Ethiopian Army, but also to the local population. The Russian medical and sanitary detachment opened medical courses for Ethiopians and actually started rendering medical services to the population of Ethiopia.
In a letter to the Russian Emperor Nicholas II, dated 22 October 1896, Emperor Menelik II particularly wrote: "Today, in a difficult time when people are divided into friends and foes, the Russian nation, unlike all others, has declared, as a sign of the formerly established friendship, the sending of its Red Cross Society doctors to us. The work done by the Russian doctors of the Red Cross Society, as directed by Yourself, is evident to everyone in this country. The example You set is etched in the heart of the people of Ethiopia. We hope that the cause of Christian charity, that began in Ethiopia, will live on forever and be strengthened... May the friendship between our two nations grow stronger over the centuries".
The volume of medical assistance rendered by the Russian medical and sanitary detachment in Ethiopia is as follows: the number of patients received on the way to Harar – 49, whilst stationed in Harar – 1,196, on the way from Harar to Entoto – 300, in Entoto hospital (as of 11 September 1896) – 5,188, and in Harar (by a unit left there at from 18 July through 25 August) – 7,216, which results in the overall of 13,949. A total of 460 operations were performed, of which only one was fatal. The dispensary of the Harar unit was regularly visited by Ras Makonnen, and hereat, in turn, young Ethiopian trainees were instructed in rendering sanitary services.
Emperor Menelik II awarded all members of the Russian medical and sanitary detachment with Ethiopian orders, medals and certificates; doctors were conferred upon with the Order of the Seal of Solomon, whereas orderlies were issued special golden medals coined on the occasion. When the detachment left for the homeland, it left over in Ethiopia a group of five medics, including doctor Rudzevich, assistant doctors-students Shchusev and Fedorov, paramedic Sasson and one orderly, which continued to provide medical assistance to the population of Ethiopia. Medical equipment and medicines of the provisional Russian hospital were transferred to the government of Ethiopia. Together with the main body of the Russian medical and sanitary detachment, sent to St. Petersburg, at the behest of Emperor Menelik II, as to receive professional medical education were five young Ethiopians.
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A group of five Russian medics continued its work in Ethiopia until January 1897. By that time, the Russian doctors provided medical care to 30,946 wounded and sick Ethiopians, visited 279 people at home, 190 patients were treated in the hospital, 1,143 operations were performed, of which 191 were in the hospital and 952 were outpatient.
In 1897, official diplomatic relations were established between Russia and Ethiopia. A Russian diplomatic mission headed by Petr Vlasov was established in Addis Ababa. As a response to Emperor Menelik II’s request for the appointment of a permanent team of surgeons to Ethiopia and the provision of assistance in strengthening the International Red Cross Society cause in the country, in 1898, the Imperial Russian government set up a permanent Russian hospital, under the Russian envoy, which operated through 1906, rendering medical services not only to the Russian diplomatic mission personnel, but also to the local population and free of charge. Upon completion of its activities, the hospital medical equipment and medicines were transferred to the government of Ethiopia, as was the case of the first Russian provisional hospital.
In 1947, the Soviet Union continued this tradition having set up what is now known as the Dejazmach Balcha Russian Red Cross Society hospital in Addis Ababa.
In 1897, official diplomatic relations were established between Russia and Ethiopia. A Russian diplomatic mission headed by Petr Vlasov was established in Addis Ababa. As a response to Emperor Menelik II’s request for the appointment of a permanent team of surgeons to Ethiopia and the provision of assistance in strengthening the International Red Cross Society cause in the country, in 1898, the Imperial Russian government set up a permanent Russian hospital, under the Russian envoy, which operated through 1906, rendering medical services not only to the Russian diplomatic mission personnel, but also to the local population and free of charge. Upon completion of its activities, the hospital medical equipment and medicines were transferred to the government of Ethiopia, as was the case of the first Russian provisional hospital.
In 1947, the Soviet Union continued this tradition having set up what is now known as the Dejazmach Balcha Russian Red Cross Society hospital in Addis Ababa.
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Nikolay Leontyev as a mastermind of Adwa Victory: Part I
Nikolay (Nicholas) Leontyev is the man my Ethiopian fiends should now and introduce their friends to. He is one of the first Russian pioneers into Ethiopia, a man who stood behind founding of the regular Ethiopian Army and establishment of the Russo-Ethiopian diplomatic relations, a close confident of Emperor Menelik II who masterminded the defeat of Italians at Adwa in 1896.
Born in a noble family in the South of the then Russian Empire on 26 October 1862, Nikolay Leontyev graduated from the elite Nicholas I Cavalry School of the Imperial Russian Army. He initially served as Second Lieutenant with the Life Guard Lancers, and thereafter as First Lieutenant and subsequently Captain with the Life Guard Grodno Hussars. Upon retirement from the active duty in Spring of 1892, Nikolay Leontyev was assigned as Major (Reserve) to 1st Uman of the Kuban Cossaks irregular cavalry.
In 1894, Nikolay Leontyev and his regimental mate Konstantin Zvyagin undertook an expedition into Ethiopia. The prime goal of the expedition was to offer Emperor Menelik II establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations between Ethiopia and Russia, and rendering of services in creating a modern regular Ethiopian Army. The expedition counted eleven men, all of them retired officers of the Imperial Russian Army, with Major Nikolay Leontyev being in charge of the whole affair and Captain Konstantin Zvyagin being his second in command.
At that time the spiritual sympathies of the Russian society were on the side of this sole independent Orthodox African nation, which altogether coincided with the political interests of Russia. Having no colonies across its national borders, Russia though expected to get a reliable ally in Africa, specifically in one of the bottlenecks of the global maritime shipping with due regard to Russia’s dependence on sea transit between its European part and the Far Eastern one. These circumstances heavily contributed to Nikolay Leontyev’s success in organising the expedition.
The expedition was fitted out at the expense of the Imperial Russian Government and Imperial Russian Geographic Society, plus donations from the Russian Orthodox Church, non-governmental organisations and private. [In no way was this a case of anventurism, as some Western academicians and their Ethiopian followers assert]. The officially declared goal of the expedition was “...the study of the course of the heavenly bodies, the countries of the Earth, faith, laws, ways and customs of peoples who live on Earth, as well as animals and plants existent thereon”.
In March 1895, after a long and difficult journey, the expedition headed by Nikolay Leontyev reached Entoto – the then residence of the Emperor Menelik II, where it was given a very warm and solemn reception with the participation of the Imperial Troops, the clergy and the local population.
During Nikolay Leontyev stay in Entoto, Emperor Menelik II paid much attention to getting prepared for the inevitable war with Italy. In the same month, the sovereign convened a military council at his palace, which was attended by Nikolai Leontyev in the capacity of military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. Having acquainted himself with the state of military affairs in the then Ethiopia, and being a career military officer, Nikolai Leontyev professionally assessed the strengths and weaknesses of the Ethiopian Army. The “Note on the Abyssinian Army” prepared by him on the occasion contained a detailed analysis of the military organization of the contemporary Ethiopia.
Nikolay (Nicholas) Leontyev is the man my Ethiopian fiends should now and introduce their friends to. He is one of the first Russian pioneers into Ethiopia, a man who stood behind founding of the regular Ethiopian Army and establishment of the Russo-Ethiopian diplomatic relations, a close confident of Emperor Menelik II who masterminded the defeat of Italians at Adwa in 1896.
Born in a noble family in the South of the then Russian Empire on 26 October 1862, Nikolay Leontyev graduated from the elite Nicholas I Cavalry School of the Imperial Russian Army. He initially served as Second Lieutenant with the Life Guard Lancers, and thereafter as First Lieutenant and subsequently Captain with the Life Guard Grodno Hussars. Upon retirement from the active duty in Spring of 1892, Nikolay Leontyev was assigned as Major (Reserve) to 1st Uman of the Kuban Cossaks irregular cavalry.
In 1894, Nikolay Leontyev and his regimental mate Konstantin Zvyagin undertook an expedition into Ethiopia. The prime goal of the expedition was to offer Emperor Menelik II establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations between Ethiopia and Russia, and rendering of services in creating a modern regular Ethiopian Army. The expedition counted eleven men, all of them retired officers of the Imperial Russian Army, with Major Nikolay Leontyev being in charge of the whole affair and Captain Konstantin Zvyagin being his second in command.
At that time the spiritual sympathies of the Russian society were on the side of this sole independent Orthodox African nation, which altogether coincided with the political interests of Russia. Having no colonies across its national borders, Russia though expected to get a reliable ally in Africa, specifically in one of the bottlenecks of the global maritime shipping with due regard to Russia’s dependence on sea transit between its European part and the Far Eastern one. These circumstances heavily contributed to Nikolay Leontyev’s success in organising the expedition.
The expedition was fitted out at the expense of the Imperial Russian Government and Imperial Russian Geographic Society, plus donations from the Russian Orthodox Church, non-governmental organisations and private. [In no way was this a case of anventurism, as some Western academicians and their Ethiopian followers assert]. The officially declared goal of the expedition was “...the study of the course of the heavenly bodies, the countries of the Earth, faith, laws, ways and customs of peoples who live on Earth, as well as animals and plants existent thereon”.
In March 1895, after a long and difficult journey, the expedition headed by Nikolay Leontyev reached Entoto – the then residence of the Emperor Menelik II, where it was given a very warm and solemn reception with the participation of the Imperial Troops, the clergy and the local population.
During Nikolay Leontyev stay in Entoto, Emperor Menelik II paid much attention to getting prepared for the inevitable war with Italy. In the same month, the sovereign convened a military council at his palace, which was attended by Nikolai Leontyev in the capacity of military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. Having acquainted himself with the state of military affairs in the then Ethiopia, and being a career military officer, Nikolai Leontyev professionally assessed the strengths and weaknesses of the Ethiopian Army. The “Note on the Abyssinian Army” prepared by him on the occasion contained a detailed analysis of the military organization of the contemporary Ethiopia.
Of note is the fact that throughout the session of the military council convened at the court of Emperor Menelik II to consider the issue of nations’s organisation to repel the imminent Italian aggression, the voice of Nikolay Leontyev was of decisive importance. According to a number of both Russian and Western historians (e.g. Nikolay Kirey, Edward Thomas Wilson, Chris Prowty and etc.), it was the advice of Nikolay Leontyev that played a crucial role in the Ethiopian government's adoption of the anti-Italian campaign plan.
Having drawn parallels between the situation in Russia prior to Napoleon’s invasion of 1812 and the international vs domestic political situation in Ethiopia by the end of 1895, Nikolay Leontyev convinced the highest dignitaries of the Ethiopian Empire of the need to conduct the forthcoming military campaign based on the strategic plan of Mikhail Kutuzov in Russia’s Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon (i.e. “luring the enemy deep into own territory through a deliberate retreat with the subsequent reconnection of the heretofore separately retreating armies, flanking maneuver marches and parallel pursuit of the enemy).
Nikolay Leontyev’s plan of hostilities was based on the guerilla warfare, with due regard of both the shortcomings of Ethiopia’s military organisation and its advantages (the numerical superiority, knowledge of terrain, habitualness of the hot and high climate, maneuverability and tenacity in close combat). The result of such method of conducting defensive warfare against Italians in the forthcoming war (1895-1896), as per Nikolay Leontyev, should be the attrition of the enemy, its piecemeal encirclement, and thereafter delivering a decisive blow by the Ethiopian troops.
To be continued
Having drawn parallels between the situation in Russia prior to Napoleon’s invasion of 1812 and the international vs domestic political situation in Ethiopia by the end of 1895, Nikolay Leontyev convinced the highest dignitaries of the Ethiopian Empire of the need to conduct the forthcoming military campaign based on the strategic plan of Mikhail Kutuzov in Russia’s Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon (i.e. “luring the enemy deep into own territory through a deliberate retreat with the subsequent reconnection of the heretofore separately retreating armies, flanking maneuver marches and parallel pursuit of the enemy).
Nikolay Leontyev’s plan of hostilities was based on the guerilla warfare, with due regard of both the shortcomings of Ethiopia’s military organisation and its advantages (the numerical superiority, knowledge of terrain, habitualness of the hot and high climate, maneuverability and tenacity in close combat). The result of such method of conducting defensive warfare against Italians in the forthcoming war (1895-1896), as per Nikolay Leontyev, should be the attrition of the enemy, its piecemeal encirclement, and thereafter delivering a decisive blow by the Ethiopian troops.
To be continued
Nikolay Leontyev as a mastermind of Adwa Victory: Part II
In early July 1985, a numerous Ethiopian diplomatic delegation headed by Emperor Menelik II's cousin Prince Damtew (ልዑል ራስ ዳምጠው), and accompanied by Maj. (Res.) Nikolay Leontyev, arrived in St. Petersburg. Also on the delegation list were Prince Belaqew (ልዑል ራስ በላቀው), Tsehafi-Teezaz Ato Yosif (ፀሐፊ ትዕዛዝ አቶ ዮሲፍ), General Genemye (ደጃዝማች ገነሜ), and the Metropolitan Archbishop of Harar Abune Gebre-Egziabher (አቡነ ገብረእግዚአብሔር). On the below photo, to the left is Prince Damtew, to the right is Prince Belaqew and standing in the centre is Tsehafi-Teezaz Ato Yosif. Maj. (Res.) Nikolay Leontyev was seconded by Capt. (Ret.) Konstantin Zvyagin.
Formally, the mission was to lay a Golden Crown onto the tomb of the late Russian Emperor Alexander III (26 February 1845 – 20 October 1894). De facto, Prince Damtew delivered a personal letter from Emperor Menelik II to Emperor Nicholas II. The Russian tsar received the Ethiopian delegation at the Grand (Catherine) Palace of Tsarskoye Selo (a suburb of St Petersburg). On July 12, a very exotic delegation was presented to the Russian Royal couple, the Russian Tsar Nicholas II and his August Spouse Alix.
Under commission of Emperor Menelik II, Prince Damtew awarded the Russian monarch with the Order of the Seal of Solomon, an as a sign or reciprocity accepted the Order of the Holy blessed Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky which was the award of Emperor Nicholas II for Emperor Menelik II. Also, as a gift from Ethiopia, the Russian monarch received the Holy Gospel and a Golden Cross. Despite the French language complexity of the negotiations with the Ethiopian envoys, the results of the meeting were impressive: the Ethiopian delegation took with it 135 large boxes of rifles and ammunition, as well as a large batch of cavalry sabers from the Russian Zlatoust factory.
In addition, or rather much above that, the Russian Emperor made a personal donation of 400,000 Russian Rubles to Emperor Menelik II. An important note: in the late 19th century, the Russian Empire introduced the so called golden standard for the national currency, which meant that each on Ruble equates to 7.774235 grammes of pure gold, i.e. 999.9 promille (‰) or 24 carat gold. Recalculated in pure gold terms, the Russian Emperor donation equated to 309.7 kilogrammes of pure gold (!), or 310 standard bank gold bullion bars (!!!). In his personal message to Emperor Menelik II, Emperor Nicholas II assured the Ethiopian monarch of his of his constant disposition and participation “in the destinies of the Abyssinian people”.
Italian diplomatic circles were concerned about Russian interference in Italian-Ethiopian affairs in general and the presence of the Ethiopian diplomatic mission in the Russian capital in particular. The protest of the Italian Ambassador in St. Petersburg had no effect. In response, there were only traditional formal assurances of Russian neutrality. Nevertheless, in Italy, Prince Damtew’s/Nikolay Leontyev’s visit was considered contrary to the friendly relations established between Russia and Italy. In his memo to Emperor Nicholas II, the Russian Foreign Minister, Alexey Lobanov-Rostovsky just routinely reported on the visit of the Italian Charge d'Affaires, Mr. Silvestrelli. However, the rules of the international law could not prevent Russia from accepting this mission, since Russia never recognized the protectorate of Italy over Ethiopia. Moreover, throughout the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895-1896 Russia provided moral support to Ethiopia via the press and through diplomatic channels. This support was combined with substantial clandestine financial and military assistance.
In early July 1985, a numerous Ethiopian diplomatic delegation headed by Emperor Menelik II's cousin Prince Damtew (ልዑል ራስ ዳምጠው), and accompanied by Maj. (Res.) Nikolay Leontyev, arrived in St. Petersburg. Also on the delegation list were Prince Belaqew (ልዑል ራስ በላቀው), Tsehafi-Teezaz Ato Yosif (ፀሐፊ ትዕዛዝ አቶ ዮሲፍ), General Genemye (ደጃዝማች ገነሜ), and the Metropolitan Archbishop of Harar Abune Gebre-Egziabher (አቡነ ገብረእግዚአብሔር). On the below photo, to the left is Prince Damtew, to the right is Prince Belaqew and standing in the centre is Tsehafi-Teezaz Ato Yosif. Maj. (Res.) Nikolay Leontyev was seconded by Capt. (Ret.) Konstantin Zvyagin.
Formally, the mission was to lay a Golden Crown onto the tomb of the late Russian Emperor Alexander III (26 February 1845 – 20 October 1894). De facto, Prince Damtew delivered a personal letter from Emperor Menelik II to Emperor Nicholas II. The Russian tsar received the Ethiopian delegation at the Grand (Catherine) Palace of Tsarskoye Selo (a suburb of St Petersburg). On July 12, a very exotic delegation was presented to the Russian Royal couple, the Russian Tsar Nicholas II and his August Spouse Alix.
Under commission of Emperor Menelik II, Prince Damtew awarded the Russian monarch with the Order of the Seal of Solomon, an as a sign or reciprocity accepted the Order of the Holy blessed Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky which was the award of Emperor Nicholas II for Emperor Menelik II. Also, as a gift from Ethiopia, the Russian monarch received the Holy Gospel and a Golden Cross. Despite the French language complexity of the negotiations with the Ethiopian envoys, the results of the meeting were impressive: the Ethiopian delegation took with it 135 large boxes of rifles and ammunition, as well as a large batch of cavalry sabers from the Russian Zlatoust factory.
In addition, or rather much above that, the Russian Emperor made a personal donation of 400,000 Russian Rubles to Emperor Menelik II. An important note: in the late 19th century, the Russian Empire introduced the so called golden standard for the national currency, which meant that each on Ruble equates to 7.774235 grammes of pure gold, i.e. 999.9 promille (‰) or 24 carat gold. Recalculated in pure gold terms, the Russian Emperor donation equated to 309.7 kilogrammes of pure gold (!), or 310 standard bank gold bullion bars (!!!). In his personal message to Emperor Menelik II, Emperor Nicholas II assured the Ethiopian monarch of his of his constant disposition and participation “in the destinies of the Abyssinian people”.
Italian diplomatic circles were concerned about Russian interference in Italian-Ethiopian affairs in general and the presence of the Ethiopian diplomatic mission in the Russian capital in particular. The protest of the Italian Ambassador in St. Petersburg had no effect. In response, there were only traditional formal assurances of Russian neutrality. Nevertheless, in Italy, Prince Damtew’s/Nikolay Leontyev’s visit was considered contrary to the friendly relations established between Russia and Italy. In his memo to Emperor Nicholas II, the Russian Foreign Minister, Alexey Lobanov-Rostovsky just routinely reported on the visit of the Italian Charge d'Affaires, Mr. Silvestrelli. However, the rules of the international law could not prevent Russia from accepting this mission, since Russia never recognized the protectorate of Italy over Ethiopia. Moreover, throughout the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895-1896 Russia provided moral support to Ethiopia via the press and through diplomatic channels. This support was combined with substantial clandestine financial and military assistance.
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In November of 1895, the Imperial Russian War Ministry secretly dispatched via sea a consignment of 30,000 Mod. 1868 10.75mm Berdan rifles, 5,000,000 rounds of rifle cartridges, a shipment of artillery shells, and 5,000 sabres, yet the Dutch steamer freighted to deliver all these to Emperor Menelik II was intercepted in December of that same year by the Italians in the vicinity of Massawa.
In January 1896, at the height of the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895-1896, Nikolay Leontyev once again left Russia for Ethiopia, this time accompanied by a team of retired Imperial Russian Army commissioned and non-comissioned officers, including Lieutenants Konstantin Chef-d'Oeuvre and Ivan Babitcheff, Sergeants Anton Agapoff, Konstantin Adzeyeff, Fyodor Petroff and Vassily Korkunoff, Medical Assistant Semyon Buzas.
In Djibouti, the group paid a visit to the French Governor Léonce Lagarde, who handed them 200 guns and 20,000 rounds of ammunition. With this much needed materiel Nikolay Leontyev reached Addis Ababa well in time to deliver weapons to the Ethiopian Army already in preparation for the decisive encounter. From January through March, Nikolay Leontyev remained in Ethiopia and was one of the chief military advisers to Emperor Menelik II. On 1 March 1896, Maj. (Res.) Nikolay Leontyev and his mates took part in the Battle of Adwa. After the defeat of the Italians, Emperor Menelik II commissioned Nikolay Leontyev to accompany the Italian prisoners of war to Djibouti, whereat they were transferred to the Italian military steamer “Egitto”. In September of 1897, Nikolay Leontyev arranged for the second Ethiopian legation to be sent to St. Petersburg, which resulted in obtaining large shipments of weapons for the Ethiopian army from Russia and France.
Upon the triumphal end of the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895-1896, which resulted in the recognition of Ethiopia’s independence by Italy and payment of indemnity to Addis Ababa, Nikolay Leontyev set about creating a new type of unit in the Ethiopian Army. In February 1899, he activated the first battalion, which was organized as per the classical standards of the Imperial Russian Army. The battalion had as its nucleus a company of Senegalese Riflemen under the command of the retired Russian and French officers (the latter having been hired in Saint-Louis, Senegal). Nikolay Leontyev also created the first Ethiopian military brass band. Upon arrival to Ethiopia in 1895, he presented as a gift to Emperor Menelik II a set of wind instruments and organised a European model military orchestra under the direction of two Russian band masters.
The last milestone of Nikolay Leontyev’s activity at the court of Emperor Menelik II was his participation, in 1898-1899, in the military campaign of Ethiopian troops by Prince Wolde-Giorghis (ራስ ወልደ ጊዮርጊስ) to the Lake of Rudolph (ሩዶልፍ ሐይቅ). Nikolay Leontyev was in command of his newly activated battalion. Apart from this, there was a 2,000-strong Ethiopian troop. Albeit the Ethiopian task force sustained 216 KIA losses in encounters with local tribes, the Ethiopian national flag was raised over the shore of Lake Rudolph by Lt. (Ret.) Konstantin Chef-d'Oeuvre!
For this and preceding deeds Nikolay Leontyev was granted the title of Dejazmach and appointed the Governor of the newly newly acquired territories.
In January 1896, at the height of the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895-1896, Nikolay Leontyev once again left Russia for Ethiopia, this time accompanied by a team of retired Imperial Russian Army commissioned and non-comissioned officers, including Lieutenants Konstantin Chef-d'Oeuvre and Ivan Babitcheff, Sergeants Anton Agapoff, Konstantin Adzeyeff, Fyodor Petroff and Vassily Korkunoff, Medical Assistant Semyon Buzas.
In Djibouti, the group paid a visit to the French Governor Léonce Lagarde, who handed them 200 guns and 20,000 rounds of ammunition. With this much needed materiel Nikolay Leontyev reached Addis Ababa well in time to deliver weapons to the Ethiopian Army already in preparation for the decisive encounter. From January through March, Nikolay Leontyev remained in Ethiopia and was one of the chief military advisers to Emperor Menelik II. On 1 March 1896, Maj. (Res.) Nikolay Leontyev and his mates took part in the Battle of Adwa. After the defeat of the Italians, Emperor Menelik II commissioned Nikolay Leontyev to accompany the Italian prisoners of war to Djibouti, whereat they were transferred to the Italian military steamer “Egitto”. In September of 1897, Nikolay Leontyev arranged for the second Ethiopian legation to be sent to St. Petersburg, which resulted in obtaining large shipments of weapons for the Ethiopian army from Russia and France.
Upon the triumphal end of the First Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895-1896, which resulted in the recognition of Ethiopia’s independence by Italy and payment of indemnity to Addis Ababa, Nikolay Leontyev set about creating a new type of unit in the Ethiopian Army. In February 1899, he activated the first battalion, which was organized as per the classical standards of the Imperial Russian Army. The battalion had as its nucleus a company of Senegalese Riflemen under the command of the retired Russian and French officers (the latter having been hired in Saint-Louis, Senegal). Nikolay Leontyev also created the first Ethiopian military brass band. Upon arrival to Ethiopia in 1895, he presented as a gift to Emperor Menelik II a set of wind instruments and organised a European model military orchestra under the direction of two Russian band masters.
The last milestone of Nikolay Leontyev’s activity at the court of Emperor Menelik II was his participation, in 1898-1899, in the military campaign of Ethiopian troops by Prince Wolde-Giorghis (ራስ ወልደ ጊዮርጊስ) to the Lake of Rudolph (ሩዶልፍ ሐይቅ). Nikolay Leontyev was in command of his newly activated battalion. Apart from this, there was a 2,000-strong Ethiopian troop. Albeit the Ethiopian task force sustained 216 KIA losses in encounters with local tribes, the Ethiopian national flag was raised over the shore of Lake Rudolph by Lt. (Ret.) Konstantin Chef-d'Oeuvre!
For this and preceding deeds Nikolay Leontyev was granted the title of Dejazmach and appointed the Governor of the newly newly acquired territories.
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Памятник императору Мынилику II работы немецкого скульптора Карла Хертеля (Carl Haertel). Открыт в 1931 году. Инициатива сооружения памятника исходила от дочери императора, императрицы Зоудиту.
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