🔆 Cyclone Shakti: Severe Cyclonic Storm over Arabian Sea (2025)
📍 Classification:
✅ Cyclone Shakti was classified as a Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS) by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) with wind speeds of 130–145 km/h.
✅ It formed over the east-central Arabian Sea, serving as a key case for studying tropical cyclone dynamics — oceanic heat, Coriolis force, and atmospheric instability.
📍 Naming:
✅ The name “Shakti”, meaning power and resilience, was proposed by Sri Lanka under the WMO–ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones.
✅ Cyclone names are drawn from lists submitted by 13 member countries (including India, Bangladesh, Oman, Myanmar, etc.) to enhance clarity in communication and disaster management.
📍 Formation Mechanism:
✅ Warm sea surface temperatures (>27°C) provided latent heat for convection.
✅ Low pressure formed at the surface; Coriolis effect induced rotation.
✅ Upper-level outflow maintained structure, while low wind shear over the Arabian Sea (Oct 2025) aided intensification into a Severe Cyclonic Storm.
📍 Climatic Background:
✅ Arabian Sea cyclones are rising in frequency and intensity due to warming trends — India’s mean temperature has risen by ~1.2°C since 1901 (CSE, 2017).
✅ Reduced vertical wind shear and higher moisture transport from the equatorial zone support cyclone formation along India’s west coast.
📍 Geographical Path:
✅ Formed near 21°N, 66.8°E, around 270 km southwest of Naliya, 300 km east of Porbandar, and 360 km south of Karachi (as of Oct 3, 2025).
✅ Moved northwestward under subtropical westerly influence, a typical post-monsoon trajectory.
✅ The Arabian Sea’s semi-enclosed basin traps heat and moisture, making it increasingly cyclone-prone.
#CycloneShakti #environment #Geography
📍 Classification:
✅ Cyclone Shakti was classified as a Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS) by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) with wind speeds of 130–145 km/h.
✅ It formed over the east-central Arabian Sea, serving as a key case for studying tropical cyclone dynamics — oceanic heat, Coriolis force, and atmospheric instability.
📍 Naming:
✅ The name “Shakti”, meaning power and resilience, was proposed by Sri Lanka under the WMO–ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones.
✅ Cyclone names are drawn from lists submitted by 13 member countries (including India, Bangladesh, Oman, Myanmar, etc.) to enhance clarity in communication and disaster management.
📍 Formation Mechanism:
✅ Warm sea surface temperatures (>27°C) provided latent heat for convection.
✅ Low pressure formed at the surface; Coriolis effect induced rotation.
✅ Upper-level outflow maintained structure, while low wind shear over the Arabian Sea (Oct 2025) aided intensification into a Severe Cyclonic Storm.
📍 Climatic Background:
✅ Arabian Sea cyclones are rising in frequency and intensity due to warming trends — India’s mean temperature has risen by ~1.2°C since 1901 (CSE, 2017).
✅ Reduced vertical wind shear and higher moisture transport from the equatorial zone support cyclone formation along India’s west coast.
📍 Geographical Path:
✅ Formed near 21°N, 66.8°E, around 270 km southwest of Naliya, 300 km east of Porbandar, and 360 km south of Karachi (as of Oct 3, 2025).
✅ Moved northwestward under subtropical westerly influence, a typical post-monsoon trajectory.
✅ The Arabian Sea’s semi-enclosed basin traps heat and moisture, making it increasingly cyclone-prone.
#CycloneShakti #environment #Geography
🔆 Nobel Prize 2025: Redefining the Immune System
📍 Context
✅ The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine was awarded for discoveries transforming understanding of autoimmune regulation.
✅ Laureates: Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell & Shimon Sakaguchi — pioneers who identified regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and the FOXP3 gene.
📍 Key Findings
✅ FOXP3 acts as a molecular switch for immune self-tolerance.
✅ Mutations in FOXP3 cause autoimmune collapse, proving its central role in immune regulation.
✅ Their discoveries revealed how the immune system balances activation and restraint, preventing self-destruction.
📍 Applications
✅ Treg-based therapies are being tested to treat autoimmune diseases, improve graft acceptance, and enhance cancer immunity without triggering autoimmunity.
✅ Highlights how private-sector research (Celltech Chiroscience) can drive major biomedical breakthroughs.
📘 Challenges
✅ Translating these insights into affordable, scalable cell therapies remains difficult due to high costs and ethical issues.
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Context
✅ The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine was awarded for discoveries transforming understanding of autoimmune regulation.
✅ Laureates: Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell & Shimon Sakaguchi — pioneers who identified regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and the FOXP3 gene.
📍 Key Findings
✅ FOXP3 acts as a molecular switch for immune self-tolerance.
✅ Mutations in FOXP3 cause autoimmune collapse, proving its central role in immune regulation.
✅ Their discoveries revealed how the immune system balances activation and restraint, preventing self-destruction.
📍 Applications
✅ Treg-based therapies are being tested to treat autoimmune diseases, improve graft acceptance, and enhance cancer immunity without triggering autoimmunity.
✅ Highlights how private-sector research (Celltech Chiroscience) can drive major biomedical breakthroughs.
📘 Challenges
✅ Translating these insights into affordable, scalable cell therapies remains difficult due to high costs and ethical issues.
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the 2025 #NobelPeacePrize to Maria Corina Machado for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy
🔆 Nobel Prize 2025: Redefining the Immune System
📍 Context
✅ The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine was awarded for discoveries transforming understanding of autoimmune regulation.
✅ Laureates: Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell & Shimon Sakaguchi — pioneers who identified regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and the FOXP3 gene.
📍 Key Findings
✅ FOXP3 acts as a molecular switch for immune self-tolerance.
✅ Mutations in FOXP3 cause autoimmune collapse, proving its central role in immune regulation.
✅ Their discoveries revealed how the immune system balances activation and restraint, preventing self-destruction.
📍 Applications
✅ Treg-based therapies are being tested to treat autoimmune diseases, improve graft acceptance, and enhance cancer immunity without triggering autoimmunity.
✅ Highlights how private-sector research (Celltech Chiroscience) can drive major biomedical breakthroughs.
📘 Challenges
✅ Translating these insights into affordable, scalable cell therapies remains difficult due to high costs and ethical issues.
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
📍 Context
✅ The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine was awarded for discoveries transforming understanding of autoimmune regulation.
✅ Laureates: Mary Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell & Shimon Sakaguchi — pioneers who identified regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and the FOXP3 gene.
📍 Key Findings
✅ FOXP3 acts as a molecular switch for immune self-tolerance.
✅ Mutations in FOXP3 cause autoimmune collapse, proving its central role in immune regulation.
✅ Their discoveries revealed how the immune system balances activation and restraint, preventing self-destruction.
📍 Applications
✅ Treg-based therapies are being tested to treat autoimmune diseases, improve graft acceptance, and enhance cancer immunity without triggering autoimmunity.
✅ Highlights how private-sector research (Celltech Chiroscience) can drive major biomedical breakthroughs.
📘 Challenges
✅ Translating these insights into affordable, scalable cell therapies remains difficult due to high costs and ethical issues.
#prelims #GS3
#science_and_technology
#science_technology
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_science_and_technology
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🔆 Radical Tunnel: Physics Nobel 2025
📍 The Discovery
✅ John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis win the 2025 Physics Nobel for proving that quantum laws govern entire electric circuits, not just subatomic particles.
✅ Their work on Josephson junctions showed that at near absolute zero, electric current can ‘tunnel’ through barriers — a purely quantum phenomenon.
📍 Why It Matters
✅ Opened the path for superconducting qubits, powering quantum computers, precision sensors, and space imaging tools.
✅ Demonstrated that macroscopic quantum behavior can exist and be engineered.
📍 The Deeper Message
✅ The award celebrates curiosity-driven research, not immediate utility.
✅ What began as pure inquiry into nature’s limits now shapes quantum technology and innovation globally.
💡 Mains Question:
How does curiosity-driven fundamental research contribute to long-term technological revolutions?
#science_technology #PhysicsNobel
📍 The Discovery
✅ John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis win the 2025 Physics Nobel for proving that quantum laws govern entire electric circuits, not just subatomic particles.
✅ Their work on Josephson junctions showed that at near absolute zero, electric current can ‘tunnel’ through barriers — a purely quantum phenomenon.
📍 Why It Matters
✅ Opened the path for superconducting qubits, powering quantum computers, precision sensors, and space imaging tools.
✅ Demonstrated that macroscopic quantum behavior can exist and be engineered.
📍 The Deeper Message
✅ The award celebrates curiosity-driven research, not immediate utility.
✅ What began as pure inquiry into nature’s limits now shapes quantum technology and innovation globally.
💡 Mains Question:
How does curiosity-driven fundamental research contribute to long-term technological revolutions?
#science_technology #PhysicsNobel
🔆 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025 – A New Grammar of Matter
📍 Key Facts:
✅ The 2025 Chemistry Nobel was awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Omar Yaghi, and Richard Robson for developing Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) — a revolutionary class of materials redefining chemistry.
✅ MOFs are porous crystalline structures built from metal ions linked to organic molecules, offering vast internal surface areas.
✅ Their tunable cavities can trap greenhouse gases, harvest water from air, and store clean fuels like hydrogen or methane.
✅ Kitagawa (Japan) created 3D frameworks of cobalt/nickel/zinc; Yaghi (U.S.) achieved high-stability zinc-based MOFs; Robson (Australia) pioneered the conceptual model of engineered molecular architectures.
✅ MOFs are now used from industrial reactors to semiconductor manufacturing, showing immense promise for sustainability and clean energy innovation.
📘 Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in addressing global environmental and energy challenges. How do they exemplify the intersection of chemistry and sustainability?
#GS3 #science_technology
📍 Key Facts:
✅ The 2025 Chemistry Nobel was awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Omar Yaghi, and Richard Robson for developing Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) — a revolutionary class of materials redefining chemistry.
✅ MOFs are porous crystalline structures built from metal ions linked to organic molecules, offering vast internal surface areas.
✅ Their tunable cavities can trap greenhouse gases, harvest water from air, and store clean fuels like hydrogen or methane.
✅ Kitagawa (Japan) created 3D frameworks of cobalt/nickel/zinc; Yaghi (U.S.) achieved high-stability zinc-based MOFs; Robson (Australia) pioneered the conceptual model of engineered molecular architectures.
✅ MOFs are now used from industrial reactors to semiconductor manufacturing, showing immense promise for sustainability and clean energy innovation.
📘 Mains Question:
Discuss the significance of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in addressing global environmental and energy challenges. How do they exemplify the intersection of chemistry and sustainability?
#GS3 #science_technology