Correct Answer - B Ans.is `b'i.e., Nicotine and carbon monoxide and tar Mechanisms for smoking-induced Coronary heart disease Carbon monoxide induces atherogenesis. Nicotine stimulation of adrenergic drive raising both BP and myocardial oxygen demand. Lipid metabolism with fall in protective high-density lipoproteins. Note .. Tar is associated with carcinogenesis (not atherosclerosis). But amongst the given options option b is the best answer as it consists of both nicotine and CO

Correct Answer -D
Ans. is d i.e., Polymorphonuclear cells
Aschoff bodies
* Aschoff bodies are focal inflammatory lesions seen during acute
rheumatic fever
They consist of foci of swollen eosinophillic collagen surrounded by
Lymphocytes (primarily T cells)
Occasional plasma cells
Aschoff giant cells (macrophages of rheumatic fever)
Antitschkow cells
(Antischkow cells are modified macrophages with abundant
cytoplasm and central round to ovoid nuclei in which the chromatin
is disposed in the central, slender wavy ribbon like pattern-caterpillar
cells)
Histiocytes
Fibrobla

Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Coagulative necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
* This is most common type of necrosis.
* This type of necrosis is most frequently caused by sudden
cessation of blood flow (ischemia) in organs such as heart (MI),
Kidney (ATN), adrenal gland, and spleen.
Note: Brain is the only exception, i.e.,. It is the only solid organ in
which ischemia leads to liquifactive necrosis not coagulative
necrosis.
* It is also seen with other types of injury e.g.,liver necrosis in viral
hepatitis, Coagulative necrosis of skin after burns (Thermal injury).
Why there is predominant protein denaturation and no enzymatic
digestion ?
Hypoxia causes intracellular acidosis (has been explained earlier)
> .t pH results in denaturation ofproteins which includes not only
structural proteins hut also enzymes
So, there is no enzymatic digestion. o The necrotic cells retain their
cellular outline for several days.
Liquefactive necrosis
* It is the necrotic degradation of tissue that rapidly
undergo softening and liquefaction

Correct Answer -B
Ans. is 'b'i.e., Cell membrane
• yeline figures are cytoplasmic bodies composed of concentric
whorls of membranes, derived from damage cell membrane.
Myelin figures appear during reversible injury but they are more
pronounced in irreversible injury.

Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Apaf 1
One of these proteins is cytochrome c, well known for its role in
mitochondrial respiration. In the cytosol, cytochrome C binds to a
protein called Apaf-1 (apoptosis activating factor-1), and the
complex activates caspase-9. (Bc1-2 and Bcl-x may also directly
inhibit Apaf-1 activation, and their loss from cells may permit
activation of Apaf-1

Correct Answer - B
Ans.is 'b'i.e., Atheromatous plaque
Dystrophic calcification
* When pathological calcification takes place in dead, dying or
degenerated tissue, it is called dystrophic calcification. o Calcium
metabolism is not altered and serum calcium level is normal.
Dystrophic calcification in Dystrophic calcification in
dead tissues
degenerated tissues
1.In caseous necrosis of 1. Atheromatous plague
tuberculosis
2. Monkeberg's sclerosis
(most common which may b& Psommama bodies
in lymph nodes)
4. Dens old scars
2.Chronic abscess in 5. Senile degenrated changes such
liquifactive necrosis
as in costal cartilage, tracheal,
3.Fungal granuloma
bronchial rings, Pineal gland in
4.Infarct
brain.
5.Thrombi 6. Heart valves damaged by
6.Haematomas
rheumatic fever.
7.Dead parasites-
Cystecercosis/Toxoplasma
Hydatid/Schistosoma
8.In fat necrosis of breast &
other tissues

Correct Answer - C
Ans. is 'c" i.e., Dystrophic calcification

Answer -C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Cytoplasmic vacuole
o Fatty changes occur in alcoholic steatosis (fatty liver). It is
manifested by appearence of lipid vacuole in the cytoplasm, which is
a sign of reversible injury.
○ Other three options (loss of cell membrane, nuclear karyolysis and
pyknosis) are signs of irreversible injur

Correct Answer -C


ED50 refers to Effective Dose of a drug needed to produce a particular response in 50%
of population. It is a quantitative measure of the potency of a drug. Smaller the ED50 value,
more potent is the drug
Ref: Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology By lan P. Stolerman, Volume 2, Page 456