The term "Fertile Crescent," (a term first used in 1916 by #Egyptologist J.H. Breasted), describes a crescent-shaped region spanning the Eastern #Mediterranean, #Anatolia, and #Mesopotamia—often called the "Cradle of #Civilization."
This area, including modern #Iraq, #Syria, #Lebanon, #Israel, #Palestine, #Jordan, #Turkey, and western #Iran, is known for its rich soils and early agricultural development. By the 9th millennium BCE, settled farming communities had emerged, cultivating wheat, barley, lentils, and peas while domesticating sheep, goats, and pigs. Advances in irrigation and farming led to surplus food production, spurring the rise of some of the world’s earliest cities.
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This area, including modern #Iraq, #Syria, #Lebanon, #Israel, #Palestine, #Jordan, #Turkey, and western #Iran, is known for its rich soils and early agricultural development. By the 9th millennium BCE, settled farming communities had emerged, cultivating wheat, barley, lentils, and peas while domesticating sheep, goats, and pigs. Advances in irrigation and farming led to surplus food production, spurring the rise of some of the world’s earliest cities.
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The #GuptaDynasty (4th-6th century) in North Central #India saw the first purpose-built #Hindu (and also #Buddhist) temples which evolved from the earlier tradition of rock-cut shrines. Adorned with towers and elaborate carvings, these temples were often dedicated to all the Hindu gods. #GuptaArchitecture is very diverse in style, design and features.
The diversity of Gupta buildings illustrates that Hindu temple architecture was in its formative stage and was yet to arrive at the standardised situation of later centuries. Nevertheless, the influence of Gupta-era buildings on later Indian temple architecture is indisputable and continued right through to the #Medieval period. Unfortunately, relatively few of the large number of Gupta temples built have survived.
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The diversity of Gupta buildings illustrates that Hindu temple architecture was in its formative stage and was yet to arrive at the standardised situation of later centuries. Nevertheless, the influence of Gupta-era buildings on later Indian temple architecture is indisputable and continued right through to the #Medieval period. Unfortunately, relatively few of the large number of Gupta temples built have survived.
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👑 On this day in 14 CE: Augustus (Octavian) dies of natural causes.
The era of Augustus' reign (27 BCE-14 CE) was a golden age in every respect. The peace which Augustus restored and kept (the Pax Romana) caused the economy, the arts and agriculture to flourish. An ambitious building program was initiated in which Augustus completed the plans made by Julius Caesar and then continued on with his own grand designs.
In his famous inscription, Res Gestae Divi Augusti (The Deeds of the Divine Augustus), he claims to have restored or built 82 temples in one year. The famous public Roman baths were constructed under Augustus by his second-in-command, Agrippa, and the poet Virgil composed his epic, the Aeneid. Augustus took great personal concern in the arts and was a personal patron of many artists.
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The era of Augustus' reign (27 BCE-14 CE) was a golden age in every respect. The peace which Augustus restored and kept (the Pax Romana) caused the economy, the arts and agriculture to flourish. An ambitious building program was initiated in which Augustus completed the plans made by Julius Caesar and then continued on with his own grand designs.
In his famous inscription, Res Gestae Divi Augusti (The Deeds of the Divine Augustus), he claims to have restored or built 82 temples in one year. The famous public Roman baths were constructed under Augustus by his second-in-command, Agrippa, and the poet Virgil composed his epic, the Aeneid. Augustus took great personal concern in the arts and was a personal patron of many artists.
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🎨 The art of the Renaissance period in Europe (1400-1600 CE) includes some of the most recognisable and best-loved paintings and sculptures in the world. Masters were often skilled in both painting and sculpture, and by studying the art of antiquity and adding their theoretical knowledge of mathematical perspective and new painting techniques, they produced truly unique works of art.
Realism, detail, drama, and subtle layers of meaning became features of religious and secular art. Now, artists finally broke free from their old craftworker status and achieved a new position as vital contributors to the culture and prestige of the societies in which they lived.
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Realism, detail, drama, and subtle layers of meaning became features of religious and secular art. Now, artists finally broke free from their old craftworker status and achieved a new position as vital contributors to the culture and prestige of the societies in which they lived.
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Patrick R. Cleburne (1828-1864) was an Irish-born Confederate general during the #American #CivilWar (1861-1865). Having immigrated to Arkansas in 1850, Cleburne fell in #love with his adopted state and volunteered to fight for the Confederate States in 1861. He fought in several significant campaigns in the western #theater of the #war and steadily rose through the ranks to become a major general. Regarded as one of the most competent division commanders on either side of the conflict, he was respected by his men and earned the nickname 'Stonewall of the West'. Cleburne was killed at the #Battle of Franklin (30 November 1864) while leading his troops in a futile charge that he had opposed.
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☀️ History Fact of the Day: The cult of Cybele, the "Great Mother" goddess, came to Rome during the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) when a sacred black meteorite symbolizing her was brought from Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey).
Shortly after, Hannibal unexpectedly retreated from Italy, which was seen as a sign of divine intervention.
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Shortly after, Hannibal unexpectedly retreated from Italy, which was seen as a sign of divine intervention.
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Abolitionist #author, orator and statesman Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) is well-known for his #speeches, #autobiography, and other works addressing the issue of slavery in the #UnitedStates in the 19th century, but, in 1853, he wrote his only work of fiction – the novella 'The Heroic Slave' – based on the Creole Mutiny/Creole Rebellion of 1841 and its leader, Madison Washington.
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At 14, George Stinney Jr. was convicted in just 10 minutes by an all-white jury without a lawyer or his parents present.
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✊🏽 There were many causes behind the Russian Revolution of 1917, ranging from the unpopular authoritarian rule of Tsar Nicholas II (reign 1894-1917) to the radical mobilisation of the working class, who wanted better working conditions and more political representation.
Actually, a double revolution, the first revolution brought about the abdication of the tsar in March, then, after the ineffective rule of the Provisional Government of 1917, a second revolution occurred in November. The latter is often called the Bolshevik Revolution because it saw the Bolsheviks (later called the Communist Party) led by Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) seize power and establish Soviet Russia.
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Actually, a double revolution, the first revolution brought about the abdication of the tsar in March, then, after the ineffective rule of the Provisional Government of 1917, a second revolution occurred in November. The latter is often called the Bolshevik Revolution because it saw the Bolsheviks (later called the Communist Party) led by Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) seize power and establish Soviet Russia.
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