مکتب اشراق و حکمت متعالیه به عنوان دو مکتب اساسی فلسفه ایرانی شناخته می‌شوند. از جمله مهم‌ترین فلاسفه این دوره می‌توان به ابن سینا، شهاب‌الدین سهروردی، فخر رازی طبرستانی و ملاصدرا شیرازی اشاره کرد.
معماری ایرانی دارای دانش بومی و پیشینه‌ای طولانی است و در طول تاریخ، همواره به عنوان یکی ازعالی‌ترین بخش هنر ایران شناخته شده‌است. این معماری در دوره‌های هخامنشیان، پارت‌ها و ساسانیان برتر بوده‌است و در دوران اسلامی نیز برتری خود را حفظ کرد.[۳] این معماری در ایران کنونی و بخش‌هایی دیگر از باختر آسیا، قفقاز و آسیای میانه گسترش دارد.
مِعماری[۱] یا به فارسی: مهرازی، فرایند برنامه‌ریزی، طراحی و ساخت ساختمان‌ها و دیگر سازه‌ها می‌باشد.[۲] معماری را همچنین می‌توان هنر و علم طراحی ساختمان‌هایی در نظر گرفت که در آن ویژگی‌هایی از قبیل زیبایی، هندسه، قدرت عاطفی و معنوی، محتوای هوشمندانه و پیچیدگی، کیفیت ساخت، راحتی، مصالح بادوام و دلپذیر، رنگ‌آمیزی و تزئینات، آرامش و پویایی، تناسب و مقیاس خوب در نظر گرفته شده است.
طراحی ایرانی [طراحی سنتی] (به انگلیسی: Persian Design). اصطلاحی برای توصیف گونه‌ای بازنمایی تصویری یا نقش‌آفرینی در حوزهٔ فرهنگ ایرانی است که به سبب خصوصیات معنایی، صوری و فنی خود، از فرهنگ‌های دیگر متمایز می‌شود. طراحی، در مجموعهٔ کامل هنرهای ایران، از فرش ایرانی گرفته تا نقاشی، تذهیب، صنایع دستی (از جمله سفال‌گری، پارچه‌بافی، فلزکاری)، معماری، شهرسازی و حتی خط و خوشنویسی،[۱] نهفته و جزء لاینفک آنهاست. در واقع آثار هنری در این رشته‌ها به کمک طراحی شکل می‌گیرند و طراحی از دیرباز جنبهٔ ترسیم و سازماندهی اثر را بر عهده داشته‌است. همچنین «از اواخر سده شانزدهم/دهم ه نوعی طراحی مستقل توسط هنرمندانی چون محمدی و شیخ محمد رایج شد؛ و رضا عباسی آن را کمال بخشید.
The works of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism had a significant influence on Greek philosophy and Roman philosophy. Plato learnt of Zoroastrian philosophy through Eudoxus and incorporated much of it into his own Platonic realism.[9] In the 3rd century BC, however, Colotes accused Plato's The Republic of plagiarizing parts of Zoroaster's On Nature, such as the Myth of Er.[10][11]
Zarathustra was known as a sage, magician and miracle-worker in post-Classical Western culture, though almost nothing was known of his ideas until the late eighteenth century. By this time his name was associated with lost ancient wisdom and was appropriated by Freemasons and other groups who claimed access to such knowledge. He appears in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute ("Die Zauberflöte") under the variant name "Sarastro", who represents moral order in opposition to the "Queen of the Night". Enlightenment writers such as Voltaire promoted research into Zoroastrianism in the belief that it was a form of rational Deism, preferable to Christianity[citation needed].
In 2005, the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy ranked Zarathustra as first in the chronology of philosophers.[12][13] Zarathustra's impact lingers today due in part to the system of rational ethics he founded called Mazda-Yasna. The word Mazda-Yasna is Avestan and is translated as "Worship of Wisdom" in English. The encyclopedia Natural History (Pliny) claims that Zoroastrians later educated the Greeks who, starting with Pythagoras, used a similar term, philosophy, or “love of wisdom” to describe the search for ultimate truth.[14]
Greco-Persian Era
Little is known of the situation of philosophy during the time of the ancient Greek philosophers. We know that the Persian culture had an influence on the creation of Stoic school of thought, but nothing has been left in Persian writings.
Zarathustra was known as a sage, magician and miracle-worker in post-Classical Western culture, though almost nothing was known of his ideas until the late eighteenth century. By this time his name was associated with lost ancient wisdom and was appropriated by Freemasons and other groups who claimed access to such knowledge. He appears in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute ("Die Zauberflöte") under the variant name "Sarastro", who represents moral order in opposition to the "Queen of the Night". Enlightenment writers such as Voltaire promoted research into Zoroastrianism in the belief that it was a form of rational Deism, preferable to Christianity[citation needed].
In 2005, the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy ranked Zarathustra as first in the chronology of philosophers.[12][13] Zarathustra's impact lingers today due in part to the system of rational ethics he founded called Mazda-Yasna. The word Mazda-Yasna is Avestan and is translated as "Worship of Wisdom" in English. The encyclopedia Natural History (Pliny) claims that Zoroastrians later educated the Greeks who, starting with Pythagoras, used a similar term, philosophy, or “love of wisdom” to describe the search for ultimate truth.[14]
Greco-Persian Era
Little is known of the situation of philosophy during the time of the ancient Greek philosophers. We know that the Persian culture had an influence on the creation of Stoic school of thought, but nothing has been left in Persian writings.
The works of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism had a significant influence on Greek philosophy and Roman philosophy. Several ancient Greek writers such as Eudoxus of Cnidus and Latin writers such as Pliny the Elder praised Zoroastrian philosophy as "the most famous and most useful". Plato learnt of Zoroastrian philosophy through Eudoxus and incorporated much of it into his own Platonic realism. [A. D. Nock (1929), "Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland" by R. Reitzenstein, H. H. Schaeder, Fr. Saxl", "The Journal of Hellenic Studies" 49 (1), p. 111-116 [111] .] In the 3rd century BC, however, Colotes accused Plato's "The Republic" of plagiarizing parts of Zoroaster's "On Nature", such as the Myth of Er. [David N. Livingstone (2002), "The Dying God: The Hidden History of Western Civilization", p. 144-145, iUniverse, ISBN 0595231993.] [A. D. Nock (1929), "Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland" by R. Reitzenstein, H. H. Schaeder, Fr. Saxl", "The Journal of Hellenic Studies" 49 (1), p. 111-116.]
The word Mazda-Yasna is avestan and is translated as "Worship of Wisdom" in English.
Greco-Persian Era
Little is known of the situation of philosophy during the time of the ancient Greek philosophers. We know that the Persian culture had an influence on the creation of Stoic school of thought, but nothing has been left in Persian writings.
Little is known of the situation of philosophy during the time of the ancient Greek philosophers. We know that the Persian culture had an influence on the creation of Stoic school of thought, but nothing has been left in Persian writings.
Manichaeism, founded by Mani, was influential from North Africa in the West, to China in the East. Its influence subtly continues in Western Christian thought via Saint Augustine of Hippo, who converted to Christianity from Manichaeism, which he passionately denounced in his writings, and whose writings continue to be influential among Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox theologians. An important principle of Manichaeism was its dualistic cosmology/theology, which is shared with Mazdakism, a philosophy founded by Mazdak. Under this dualism, there were two original principles of the universe: Light, the good one; and Darkness, the evil one. These two had been mixed by a cosmic accident, and man's role in this life was through good conduct to release the parts of himself that belonged to Light. Mani saw the mixture of good and bad as a cosmic tragedy, while Mazdak viewed this in a more neutral, even optimistic way.