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On February 1, 1809, Emperor Alexander I established the Finnish Parliament
For 600 years, Finland had been under Swedish rule. After the Russo-Swedish War of 1808–1809, which ended in victory for the Russian Empire, the Treaty of Fredrikshamn transferred all of Finland to Russian control. For the Russian emperor, this region became a testing ground for Enlightenment ideas.
Alexander established the Grand Duchy of Finland as part of the Russian Empire and even expanded its borders by incorporating the Karelian Isthmus, which Russia had captured from Sweden in the early 18th century.
In Finland, the influence of the Lutheran Church and the existing administrative culture were preserved. Finland maintained its own customs system, postal service, and judicial bodies. The duchy's revenues were not merged into the imperial treasury but were used for its own needs. The Finnish Parliament, or Landtag, symbolized Emperor Alexander's vision of the rule of law prevailing over autocracy.
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